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ErikErikson'seightstagesofpsychologicaldevelopment姓名：郗淑芳年级：2011级英语2班学号：1112012014ErikErikson:爱利克•埃里克森美国著名精神病医师，新精神分析派的代表心理社会阶段（人格发展阶段）理论观点：人的自我意识发展持续一生自我意识的形成和发展过程分为八个阶段这八个阶段的顺序是由遗传决定的每一阶段能否顺利度过是由环境决定的每一个阶段都是不可忽视的ErikErikson'seightstagesofpsychologicaldevelopmentstageageconflict10-1yearoldtrustvs.mistrust22-3yearsoldautonomyvs.shameanddoubt3about4initiativevs.guilt4theearlyschoolyearsindustryvs.inferiority5adolescenceself-identityvs.role-confusion6youngadultintimacyvs.isolation7middle-agegeneravityvs.stagnation8oldageintegrityvs.despairStage1:earlyinfancy(about1yearold)Trustvs.distrustInfantsrequirecomfortfromcaregiverstodevelopasenseoftrusttowardsothersandtheirsurroundings.Ifthiscomfortisnotprovided,mistrustwillbedeveloped.Question:Whenthebabyiscrying,shouldparentsshowuptimely?Answer:Yes!Whetherparentscanshowuptimelyisofcriticalimportanceintheprocessofestablishinginfant’strust.Infantswithstrongsenseoftrustdarehope,daredream,havestrongandsustaineddetermination,andaremorelikelytosucceedinlaterlife.Stage2:ageof2or3Autonomyvs.shame&doubtSelf-competenceAppropriateactionsbycaregiverscanhelptoestablishabasicattitudeof“Icandoit”Inthisperiod,childrenlearnmuch,liketoclimb,walk,speak,etc.theybegintodoornottodothingsaccordingtotheirownwill.Question:whatshouldbetheproperattitudesofparentstowardchildren?Tospoil?Topunishstrictly?Answer:toforgivebutnottospoil.allowerrorsintheprocessofexploration.•Instage1,theyrelyextremelyonothers.Butinstage2,curiousabouttheworld,theytrytoexplore.(towalk,eat,etc.bytheirown)•Ifparentsletthemtodosomethingthattheycando,andpraisethemaftertheyfinish,theirautonomywillbespurred.•Ifparentsdoeverythingforchildrenorblamechildrenforthewrongthingstheydo,childrenwillsufferasenseofshameanddoubt.Stage3:about4yearsoldinitiativevs.guiltChildrenbegintoformulateaplanofactionandcarryitthrough.parents:encouragement---initiativepunishment---guiltStage4:theearlyschoolyearssenseofindustryvs.senseofinferiorityCooperationandcompetitionChildrenwillestablishasenseofindustryasthebasiceducationalskillsandlearningcompetencearedeveloped,orasenseofinferiorityiflearningexperiencesarebesetwithfailureorfacingtoostrongcompetition.Stage5:adolescenceChallenge:establishpersonalidentitypersonalidentityvs.roleconfusionNotestablished---roleconfusion,aimlessnessandanti-socialbehaviorStrongsenseofidentity---highlevelofself-acceptance,optimistic,firmbeliefofthattheycontroltheirowndestinies•“同一性”概念：可以理解为社会与个人的统一，个体的主我与客我的统一，个体的历史性任务的认识与其主观愿望的统一；•也可理解为对自己的过去、现在和将来，即在任何情况下都能够全面认识到意识与行动的主体是自己，或者说能抓住自己，亦即“真正的自我”，也可称为“核心的自我”。•随着自我同一性形成了忠诚的品质。埃里克森把忠诚定义为：不顾价值系统的必然矛盾，而坚持自己确认的同一性的能力。同一性的混乱表现：•自卑与自大：怀疑自我认识与他人对自己认识之间的一致性，或将自我认识夸大；•应付与敷衍：做事情马虎，看不到努力工作与获得成就之间的关系；•对抗与盲从：看不清领导与被领导之间的共同点与差异，要么持对立情绪，要么盲从；•猜疑与武断：在两性问题上，认识不到两性之间的同一与差异，出现猜疑和武断行为。Stage6:youngadultChallenge:maintainasenseofintimacyintimacyvs.isolationperiodofestablishingfamiliesDependonhowwelleachofthepreviouslifechallengesaremet：metwell---intimaterelationshipsmetbadly---isolation,alienation问题：“生命诚可贵，爱情价更高，若为自由故，两者皆可抛”你愿意为爱情而放弃自由吗？答案不限。爱意味着要割舍各自的绝对的自由。只要有一定的自由，自己还能忍受，就可以为了爱而割舍一部分的自由。爱，要为对方留出足够的自由空间。Stage7:middleagechallenge:maintainasenseofgeneravityGeneravityvs.stagnation•capableofgeneratingnewinterestsandinsights?•continuetohavesomethingtooffertoothers?Question:Willyoubea“full-timewife”?全职太太答案不限。“全职太太”的模式在中国很危险！婚姻关系中易出现夫贵妻卑工作关系中易出现男权争霸社会关系中易出全职太太现性别歧视“全职太太”会导致人口素质下降！“全职太太”会导致社会道德滑坡！Stage8:oldageChallenge:maintainintegrityintegrityvs.despairAllthepreviousstagesdealtwithwell---fulfillmentandself-accomplishment,nofeartodeathAlternatively—aprofoundsenseoffailureandevendespair人的一生应当这样度过:当回首往事的时,他不会因为虚度年华而悔恨,也不会因为碌碌无为而羞耻。Homework:Whydosometeenagersholdtheidea“不能流芳百世，也要遗臭万年”?