Manypeopleadmirewritersfortheirexquisitestories,butfewofthemknowwithwhatpainstakingeffortswritersworktobringastoryintotheworld.Thefollowingessaydiscussestheprocessofconceivingastoryanddevelopingitintoaperfectworkofart.许多人羡慕作家们的精彩小说,但却很少有人知道作家们是如何辛勤笔耕才使一篇小说问世的。以下的短文将讨论小说的酝酿过程,以及作家是如何将这小说雕琢成一件精致完美的艺术品。OnceontheedgeofawoodsattwilightIcameuponasmallpeachtreeinflower.Istayedtherewatchinguntilthelightwasgone.Isawnothingofthetree'sorigin,nothingofthemightwhichhadforcedopenapityoucouldbreakyourteethon,andnothingoftheprinciplewhichhelditseparatefromtheoaksandthegrasses.Allthatappearedtomewasaprofoundandeeriegrace.有一次,我在暮色中来到小树林边一棵鲜花盛开的小桃树前。我久久站在那里凝视着,直到最后一道光线消逝。我看不到那树原先的模样,看不见曾穿透果核,能崩碎你的牙齿的力量,也看不到那使它与橡树和绿草相区别的原则。显现在我面前的,是一种深邃而神秘的魅力。Soitiswiththereaderwhocomesuponanoutstandingstory:spellbound,hetakesittohisheart,noquestionasked.当读者读到一部杰出的小说时,他也会这样如痴如狂,欲将小说字字句句刻骨铭心,不提出任何问题。Buteventhebeginningwriterknowsthereismoretoastory'slifethanthebodyofwordswhichcarriesitintotheworld,andthatitdoesnotbeginwithwriting,butwithconceptioninthedarkofthemind.但即使是个初学写作者也知道,除那将小说带到世上的文字之外,还有更多的构成小说生命的因素,小说的生命并不始于写作,而始于内心深处的构思。Itisnotnecessarytounderstandthecreativefunctioninordertoproduceoriginalwork.Centuriesofart,philosophyandsciencehaveemergedfromthemindsofpeoplewhomaynotevenhavesuspectedtheinnerprocess.Itseemstome,however,thatatleastadegreeofunderstandingofthecreativeeventincreasesourwisdomindealingwiththeemergingstorybymakingusawareoftwothings.要创作出有独创性的作品,并不要求懂得创造的功能。多少世纪以来的艺术、哲学及科学创造都出自人们的头脑,而创造者也许从未想到去关注创造的内在过程。然而,在我看来,对创造工作一定程度的了解,至少会使我们通过知道两个事实,增长我们处理正在出现的故事的智慧。First,geniusisnottheexclusivepropertyofthemastercraftsman;itisthecreativefunctionofthehumanmind.Thereisnomasterywithoutit,andthereisnopersonwithoutit,howeverundevelopeditmaybe.Masteryisgeniusafoot.Itisgeniuscultivated,developed,andexercised.Yourgeniusworksattheleveloforigins;itsbusinessistocreate;itisthecreatorofyourstory.首先,天赋不是掌握了技艺的艺术家独有的特性,而是人脑的创造性功能。不仅所有对技艺的掌握都含有天赋,而且每个人都具有天赋,无论他的天赋发展是何等不充分。对技艺的掌握是天赋的显现,是经过培养的,发展了的和受过训练的天赋。你的天赋在最原始的层面上起作用。它的任务就是创造。它是你的故事的创造者。Second,thebodyofwordsthatcarriesyourstoryintotheworldistheworkofthecraftsman'slabor,whichisasconscious,ascanny,andaspracticalasthatofthebricklayer.Whilegeniusisanaturalpartofourmentalequipment,likeperception,memory,andimagination,craftsmanshipisnot.Itmustbelearned.Itislearnedbypractice,andbypracticeitismastered.Ifthestoriesthatrisewithinusaretoemergeandflourish,eachmustbeprovidedwithastrong,handsomebodyofwords,andonlysoundcraftsmanshipcanprovidethis.第二,将你的小说带进世界的文字是艺术家的工作,它就和一个泥瓦匠的工作一样,有意识、谨慎而实实在在。天赋正如理解力、记忆力和想象力一样是我们的精神禀赋中的天然部分,而技艺却不是。它必须通过实践才能学到,并要通过实践才能掌握。如果要使在我们内心深处浮现的故事跃然纸上,光彩照人,那么,每个故事都须有感染力极强的优雅文笔。只有健全的技艺才能使我们做到这一点。Howisastoryconceived?Itissaidthatwewritefromthefirsttwentyyearsofourlives,perhapsfromthefirstfive;itmaydependontheindividual,assomuchdoesinwriting.Inanycase,thelucidimpressionsofchildhoodandearlyyouth,moreorlessunconditioned,unexplained,unchecked,lieinthememory,liveandtimeless.Enigma,wonder,fear,rapture,grandeur,andtriviaineverydegreeandcombination,theseearlyimpressionsthrobandwaitforwhat?Completionofsomekind?Forrecognitionoftheirownpeculiartruth?Itwouldseemtheirwoundswantlancing;theirsecretknowledgewantstelling;thediscoverieswouldbeshared,andwoesadmitted,andtheairytraceryofbeautygivenform.一个故事是如何酝酿成的呢?据说,我们从一生中的前二十年,或许前五年起就开始写作。这可能取决于个人,而写作中的很多事都取决于个人。无论如何,童年和少年时期的清晰印象,或多或少无条件地存在于我们的记忆中,未被解释,不受约束,而且栩栩如生,永不磨灭。困惑、徬徨、畏惧、喜悦、辉煌和平庸,在各种程度上以各种形式组合在一起。这些对往事的印象在心中悸动着。它们在等待什么?是在等待某种圆满的结果?还是对它们特有的真理的认可?似乎它们的创伤需要切开,隐秘的见解需要表露,发现需要与人分享,苦恼需要承认,这种飘渺的美需要形式。Thusvariouslyladenwemovethroughlife,andnowandthenanexperience,oftenslight,pricesthememoryandseizesupononeofthoselive,expectantimpressionsoflongage,andaquickening1takesplace.我们就这样背负着各种任务渡过一生。时而,一个常常是小小的体验,撬开了记忆之门,抓住了这些虽已年代久远,却依然栩栩如生,呼之欲出的印象。于是,故事就如种子一般开始萌动。Thishappenstoeveryoneandmoreoftenthanisknown.Buttherearetimeswhenithappenstothecreativewriterandcauseshimtocatchhisbreathbecauseheknowsthattheseedofastoryhasquickenedandhasbegunalifeofitsown.这种经历人人都有,却鲜为人知。然而,一旦富有创造力的作家有了这种感受,他就会凝神屏息,专注于此,因为他知道这时故事的种子已经萌发并开始了它自己的生命过程。Likeanyseed,theseedofastoryhasitsownprincipleofgrowthwhichemploysaprocessofintelligentselection,drawingfromtheunconsciousmind'svasttreasuryofexperiencethatitneedstofulfillitsinherentform:therecometogetherpeopleandtheirways,withweatherandtimesandplaces,andthesoulsofthings.Inshort,thereisproducedaworld,completewithstarsandstumblingblocks.就象任何一颗种子,故事的种子有它自己的生长规律,要要经过作家对记忆中的素材进行精心筛选,从潜意识博大精深的阅历宝库中提取故事赖以实现其内在形式的素材。于是,各种人物,他们的处世风格、气候、时间、地点及各种事物的精髓,都聚集起来。简而言之,一个世界产生了,有灿烂的星辰,也有形形色色的障碍。Thus“madeinsecretandcuriouslywroughtinthelowestpartsoftheearth,”thestoryexpandsandrises,unhurried,untilatlastitpresentsitselftotheconsciousmind.Hereatthethreshold,vibrantwithexpectation,itawaitsitsbodyofwords.故事就是这样在“隐秘中构思,在思想土壤的最深处神秘地形成,”并不断地缓缓扩展、生长,直到它最终在意识中显现。就在这意识的门槛上,故事带着希冀的颤栗等待它的文字整体的形成。Genius,thecreativefunction,hasdoneitswork.Andonlynowdoesthecraftsman,thedeliverer,beginhis.天赋创造的功能现已完成了它的使命。只是到这时,工匠,这位故事的助产士才开始他的工作。Astoryrarely,ifever,presentsitselfasawhole.RobertFros