英语试题公共英语部分注:括号里面的文字的意思:1.根据整篇短文的理解加进去,只是为了正片读起来相对比较通顺而已,省去括号里面的内容也可。2.考虑的翻译的可读性,改变了原本的表述方法,括号里是字面上的意思3.每句与每句之间的衔接的逻辑连接词。4.对前句翻译的说明。另,有些翻译仍然不够通顺,请见谅!^_^PutthefollowingpassageintoChinese:1、Criticsofearlyschoolingciteresearchthatquestionswhether4-year-oldchildrenarereadytotakeonformallearning.早教的批评者援引有关4岁的小孩是否已经准备好接受正规学习的研究。Educatorsfindthatoldertoddlersaremorelikelytosucceedduringtheirschoolcareers,whereastheiryoungercounterpartsaremorelikelytofail.一些教育者们发现那些学步较晚的小孩更能胜任学校的功课,而那些较早学步的小孩反而不尽人意。Kindergartenchildrenwhoturnfiveduringthelatterhalfoftheyearseemtobeatadisadvantagewhenitcomestophysical,emotional,social,andintellectualdevelopment.那些4岁半即将5岁的幼儿园小孩,在生理、心理、社交、智力的发展上似乎处于劣势地位。Additionally,childrenwhoarenearlysixwhentheyenterkindergartentendtoreceivebettergradesandscorehigheronachievementteststhroughouttheirschoolingexperiencethandothosewhobeginkindergartenhavingjustturnedfive.另外,相比于那些刚刚5岁就被送进幼儿园的小孩,那些接近6岁才进入幼儿园的小孩在他们学校功课中常常能够获得更好的成绩,在成绩测试中也常常获得较高的分数。Beingbrightandverballyskillfulandbeingreadyforschooldonotseemtobethesamething.(一个小孩)聪明、语言表达能力(是否强)与(他)是否适龄入学似乎并不是一回事。Itiseasytoconfusethesuperficialpoiseandsophisticationofmanyoftoday’schildrenwithinnermaturity.如今小孩身上表现出来沉着、老练与内在的成熟,这两者很容易被混淆。Indeed,evidencesuggeststhatearlyschoolingboomerangs:Youngsterswhoseparentspushthemtoattainacademicsuccessinpreschoolarelesscreative,havemoreanxietyabouttests,and,bytheendofkindergarten,failtomaintaintheirinitialacademicadvantageovertheirless-pressuredpeers.实际上,有证据显示,早教所带来的恰恰适得其反。那些被父母后面督促着而学业有成的小孩(往往)缺乏创造力,而且对于考试他们显得更加焦虑。同时,相对于没有收到重压的同龄人,到学前教育结束之时,他们(已)难以维持最初在学业上的优势。Manypsychologistsandeducatorsremainskepticalofapproachesthatplace4-year-oldsinaformaleducationalsetting.对于将4岁小孩放入正式教育的这种做法,许多心理学家和教育家都持怀疑态度。Theyquestionwhetherenvironmentalenrichmentcansignificantlyalterthebuilt-indevelopmentaltimetableofachildrearedinanondisadvantagedhome.通过丰富环境能否显著地改变一个成长在普通家庭(字面:非弱势家庭)孩子的自然成长规律(字面:发展/成长时间表),这是他们有所质疑的地方。Theydonotdeny,however,thevalueofday-carecentersandnurseryschoolsthatprovideahomelikeenvironmentandallowchildrenconsiderablefreedomtoplay,developattheirownpace,andevolvetheirsocialskills.然而,他们也并不否认那些托儿所和幼儿园的发挥的重要性。它们给孩子们提供了家一样的环境,充分自由的玩乐空间,任孩子们慢慢成长(字面:让它们按照自己的步伐成长/发展),同时还培养了它们的社交能力。Buttheypointoutthatmanyofthethingschildrenoncedidinfirstgradearenowexpectedoftheminkindergarten,andtheyworrylestmoreandmorewillnowbeaskedof4-year-olds.但是,它们也指出,以前许多在一年级才要求掌握的事情现在希望还在幼儿园的孩子也要学会,他们甚至还唯恐4岁的小孩知之过少(字面:他们唯恐小孩所要要求的将越来越多)。Thesepsychologistsandeducatorsbelievewearedrivingyoungchildrentoohardandtherebydeprivingthemoftheirchildhood.(同时)这些心理学家和教育家们认为,我们如此这般强压这些孩子以至于剥夺了他们的童年。2、Peoplehavewonderedforalongtimehowtheirpersonalitiesandbehaviorsareformed.人的个性和行为习惯是如何形成的?这是困扰着人们很长时间的一个问题。It'snoteasytoexplainwhyonepersonisintelligentandanotherisnot,orwhyoneiscooperative为什么人的智力千差万别(一个人聪明,而另一个人却不是)?为什么有些人(一个人)乐于协作,有些人(另一个人)却争强好胜?要解释这些并不易。Socialscientistsare,ofcourse,extremelyinterestedinthesetypesofquestions.当然,这些问题也是社会科学家们所极其关心的问题。Theywanttoexplainwhywepossesscertaincharacteristicsandexhibitcertainbehaviors.他们想(为我们)解释为什么我们具备特定的个性、表现出一定的行为举止。Therearenoclearanswersyet,buttwodistinctschoolsofthoughtsonthematterhavedeveloped.然而这并没有确切的答案(可言),但是基于这个问题的两个思想流派已经发展起来。Asonemightexpect,thetwoapproachesareverydifferentfromoneanother,andthereisagreatdealofdebatebetweenproponentsofeachtheory.正如你所料,两种思想流派是截然不同的,而二者理论的支持者之间存在剧烈的争论。Thecontroversyisoftenconvenientlyreferredtoas“nature/nurture.”他们二者(关于这个问题的)争论的往往很容易被归结为“先天得之或后天养成”。Thosewhosupportthe“nature”sideoftheconflictbelievethatourpersonalitiesandbehaviorpatternsarelargelydeterminedbybiologicalandgeneticfactors.那些“先天得之”论的支持者认为,我们的性格和行为模式在很大程度上取决于生物和遗传因素。Thatourenvironmenthaslittle,ifanything,todowithourabilities,characteristics,andbehavioriscentraltothistheory.我们所处的环境对我们能力、个性、行为(的塑造)甚至可能并没有什么作用,而这一点正是“先天得之”论的核心。Takentoanextreme,thistheorymaintainsthatourbehaviorispredeterminedtosuchagreatdegreethatwearealmostcompletelygovernedbyourinstincts.这种理论甚至极端地坚持认为,我们的行为模式在很大程度上是先天决定的;因此,我们几乎完全受我们的本能所支配。Proponentsofthe“nurture”theory,orastheyareoftencalled,behaviorists,claimthatourenvironmentismoreimportantthanourbiologicallybasedinstinctsindetermininghowwewillact.“后天养成”论的支持者们,抑或是常称之为行为学家,他们声称在决定我们的行为模式时,环境比以生理为基础的本能更为重要。Abehaviorist,B.F.Skinner,seeshumansasbeingswhosebehaviorisalmostcompletelyshapedbytheirsurroundings.一位名叫斯金纳(B.F.Skinner)行为学家认为,人类的行为模式完全是由周围环境塑造的。Thebehaviorists'viewofthehumanbeingisquitemechanistic;theymaintainthat,likemachines,行为学家们有关人类的观点是相当的机械的;他们机械的认为,人类对环境刺激的反应是形成他们行为模式的基础。Thetraditionalbeliefthatawoman'splaceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.女人当主内(应当待家里)以及女人不应该外出工作,诸如上述传统观念在现如今的条件下将很难合理的维系。Itissaidthatitisawoman'stasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.(传统观念)还认为,女人的天职就是照顾小孩,然而现如今家庭规模在逐渐变小,小孩之间的年龄差距也就一两岁。Thusawoman'swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.如此一来,一个女人用来照顾小孩得所有时间也就五年之内。Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsix,herroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.此外,随着五六岁