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音素·音标专题讲座太康县教师进修学校张永学IPA-InternationalPhoneticAlphabet音标国际音标｛元音分类：英语中共有48个音标，元音20个，辅音28个。单元音双元音前元音中元音后元音｛/i:/,/ɪ/,/e/,/æ//ɜ:/,/ǝ/,/ʌ//u:/,/ʊ/,/ɔ:/,/ɒ/,/ɑ://eɪ/,/aɪ/,/ɔɪ/,/ǝʊ/,/aʊ/,/ɪǝ/,/eǝ/,/ʊǝ/辅音爆破音磨檫音鼻音半元音舌边音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g//f/,/v/,/∫/,/3/,/θ/,/δ/,/s/,/z/,/h/,/r/,/tʃ/,/d3/,/tr/,/dr/,/ts/,/dz//m/,/n/,/ŋ//l//w/,/j/Vowels（元音）-purevowels（单元音）前元音：/i:/,/ɪ/,/e/,/æ/发单元音时应注意的事项：1.舌前部在活动2.舌端抵下齿3.从/i://i//e//æ/口形渐大/i:/例词：heseatreefield短语：greenleavesdeepseacleanstreeteatthemeat例句：A:Wouldyoulikecoffeeortea?B:Tea,please.A:OK.Ihavetea,too./ɪ/-/i/例词：pinshiphillchicks短语：abigshipfiftypicturesMissSmithinterestingfilms例句：A:IsLilyin?B:Lilyisillinbed.C:Oh,I’msorry./e/-/ε/例词：penheadlegwell短语：tenpenceverywellexpensivecigaretteswenttoAmerica例句：A:Howdidyouspendyourholiday?B:IwenttoBeijing.A:Wasitexpensive?B:Yes,very./æ/例词：applelanternhandparachute短语：blackcatmadmantravelingbagmatter-of–fact例句：A:AnnistravelingtoJapan.B:Howhappysheis!A:Sheisveryhappy.Vowels（元音）-purevowels（单元音）中元音：/ɜ:/,/ǝ/,/ʌ/发中元音时应注意：1.舌中部隆起2.舌端轻抵下齿3./ǝ://ǝ//ʌ/口形渐大/ɜ:/-/ǝ:/例词：girlbirdworkturn短语：earlybirdThursdayworkthirstypersonperfectsearch例句：A:Healwaysarrivesworkearly.B:Buthewasn’tearlythismorning.A:Youweren’tearlyeither./ǝ/例词：teacherpicturebreakfastwelcome短语：aglassofwateraquartertosevenbrothersandsistersabookaboutChina例句：A:lookattheclock！B:what’sthetime?A:it’saquartertoseven/ʌ/例词：cuprunjumpflood短语：hurryup!trustus!rubbishnumbermustn’tworry例句：A:It’ssunnytoday.B:Yes,isn’tit.A:MyunclewillgotoLondonnextMonday.B:Howluckyheis!Vowels（元音）-purevowels（单元音）后元音：/u:/,/ʊ/,/ɔ:/,/ɒ/,/ɑ:/后元音发音要领：1.舌后部用力2.舌尖离开下齿龈3./u:/,/ʊ/,/ɔ:/,/ɒ/,/ɑ:/口形渐大/u:/例词：zoowhofoodblue短语：atoothforatoothSueandLucyfruitjuicetwoshoes例句：A:Lookatmynewshoes?B:Oh,theyarebeautiful.A:Yourbootsarebeautiful,too./ʊ/例词：footwoodbookpush短语：goodcookgoodbookcouldn’tlookpuddingwithoutsugar例句：A:Wheredidyouputthebook?B:Whichbook?A:Thebookyouboughtyesterday./ɔ:/例词：forkballmorningairport短语：fourballsscoreboardmorningglorysportsreporter例句：A:Iseetwochildrenontheblackboard.B:Heisshort.A:Sheisshorter./ɒ/-/ɔ/例词：cockshopjobhospital短语：hotcoffeelongjobontheboxdropthepot例句：A:Ihaveabadcough.B:Youmustseeadoctor.A:Yes,Imustgotothehospital./ɑ:/例词：cargardenstarguitar短语：fastcarhalfparkhearttransplantstarsandbars例句：A:Youlookverysmarttoday.B:Thankyou.C:Whatamarvelousdanceryouare.Letmetakeaphotographofyou.Vowels（元音）-diphthongs（双元音）/eɪ/,/aɪ/,/ɔɪ/,/ǝʊ/,/aʊ/,/ɪǝ/,/eǝ/,/ʊǝ/双元音发音要领：1.口形、舌位有变化发单元音时口形、舌位自始至终保持不变。双元音是由两个不同的元音组成的，例如/ai/,从第一个元音/a/过度到/i/,口形和舌位都有变化：由口形较大、舌位较低的/a/音过度到口形较小、舌位较高的/i/音。其它七个双元音也一样，发音时口形舌位都有不同成度的变化。双元音发音要领：2.前长后短双元音中两个元音的长度（音长）也不相等。第一个比第二个长些，约为三比一。3.前重后轻发第一个元音时要多使点劲儿，但必须注意不要把两个元音分裂成一个强音、一个弱音来念，而是由强而渐弱。双元音发音要领：4.两音密合，一气呵成由第一个元音到第二个元音是一个滑动的过程，中间不容停顿，不可把两个音分开来念。5.前音清楚，后音模糊双元音中的第一个元音发音清楚响亮，向第二个音滑动时，在尚未到达第二个元音的发音部位时滑动即可停止，不必把第双元音发音要领：二个音象单独发音时念得那么清楚。这一点非常重要。常听到一些同学把/ai/念成“阿姨”，就是因为把/i/念得太清楚了，甚至跑过了头，越境而入/i:/的领域了。/eɪ/-/ei/例词：faceraincakewait短语：eightcakeswastepaperrailwaystationwaitforthemail例句：A:It’smybirthdaytoday.B:HappybirthdayA:Thankyou.Cometomybirthdayparty.Anddon’tbelate./aɪ/-/ai/例词：skykitewritebicycle短语:whiteliehightideeyeforeyesilentnight例句：A:It’safinedaytoday.Thesunisshiningbrightly.B:Yes,Ifeelhot.Ilikeanice-creamnow.A:Yes,Ido,too./ɔɪ/-/ɔi/例词：boyboilnoisecoin短语：aspoiltboyanoisytoyanannoyingvoiceJoyce'sboyfriend例句：A:Lookatmytoygun.B:Oh,whatagoodtoy!A:Shallwejoinourfriendsinthegarden?B:Yes,let’sgo./ǝʊ/-/ǝv/例词：coastthrowboattoe短语：Joe’scoatgotothewindowloadandunloadthrowasnowball例句：A:Look!Hehasaboat.B:Ishegoingtorow?A:Ithinkso./aʊ/-/av/例词：cowhousemouthtrousers短语：shoutoutbrownmousedowntownroundflower例句：A:Isshemilkingthecow?B:Yes,sheis.A:Isthecowinhehouse?B:No.Sheisonthedairyfarm./ɪǝ/-/iǝ/例词：earideazerobeard短语：theatmosphereherequeer古怪的skierWeary疲乏mountaineerexperiencedengineer例句：A:Let’shavesomebeerhere.B:Whatagoodidea!A:Whatshallwedoafterhavingbeer?B:Weshallgotothetheatre./eǝ/-/εǝ/例词：hairbarepearchair短语：millionaire’stheirsmayor’sparentssquarechairscarefullibrarian例句：A:Whereismypen?B:It’soverthereonthechair.A:Thankyou.It’sreallythere./ʊǝ/-/vǝ/例词：tourpoorsuregourd/gʊǝd/葫芦短语：poortouriststourfromChinacarmjury陪审团Europeanjewel例句：A:Ireceivedaletterfrommyuncle.He’ssickwithinfluenza.B:I’msorry.IshestillinEurope.A:Yes.He’sstillworkinginLondon.B:HemustspeakfluentEnglish.Consonants（辅音）英语辅音的发音特点1.气流受阻，从肺部呼出的气流在通过口腔或鼻腔时遇到阻碍（元音发音不受阻碍）。2.气流较强（元音气流较弱）3.阻碍部分肌肉紧张（元音发音时均衡地保持紧张）4.有清浊之分。英语辅音的发音可以分别从”发音部位”和发音方法”两方面来学习。1.发音部位：所谓”发音部位”是指气流受到阻碍的地方，也就是两个发音器官为了影响气流而构成的各种阻碍的部位。例如：发/p//b/时双唇先要紧闭，形成阻碍，发/f//v/时下唇接触上齿形成阻碍等等。英语辅音按发音部位可分成：①双唇音：/p,b,m,w/②唇齿音：/f,v/③舌齿音：/θ,ð/④舌龈音：/t,d,s,z,n,l/⑤齿龈后部音：/ʃ,ʒ,ʧ,ʤ,r,j/⑥舌后软腭音：/k,g，ŋ/⑦声门音：/h/2.发音方法：是指气流通过阻碍时所使用的不同方法（及其造成的听觉印象）。例如：发/p,t,k/时气流通过阻碍部位时所发出的爆破声，发/s,z,f/时气流从阻碍部位的缝隙中挤出，发出摩擦的声音等等。英语辅音按发音方法可分成：①爆破音：/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/②摩擦音：f/,/v/,/θ/,/ð/,/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/h/,/r/③破擦音：/ʧ/,/ʤ/④鼻音：/m/,/n/,/ŋ/⑤舌侧音：/l/⑥半元音：/j/,/w/Consonants（辅音）-plosives（爆破音）/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g//p/例词：pigpeoplepullput短语：pickupapepperpotapieceofporkapenandapencil例句：A:Doyoucollectstamps?B:Yes,Ido.A:Willyoushowmeyourstampalbum?B:Yes,theyareupstairs.Letmegoan