Charpter5-11.SyntheticPlastics2.SyntheticRubbersandElastomers3.NaturallyOccurringPolymers1.合成塑料2.合成橡胶和弹性体3.天然聚合物5.1.SyntheticPlastics5.1.1IntroductionPlasticsAplasticmaterialisanyofawiderangeofsyntheticorsemi-syntheticorganicsolidsthataremoldable.Plasticsaretypicallyorganicpolymersofhighmolecularmass,buttheyoftencontainothersubstances.Theyareusuallysynthetic,mostcommonlyderivedfrompetrochemicals,butmanyarepartiallynatural.Mostplasticscontainorganicpolymers.Thevastmajorityofthesepolymersarebasedonchainsofcarbonatomsaloneorwithoxygen,sulfur,ornitrogenaswell.Thebackboneisthatpartofthechainonthemainpathlinkingalargenumberofrepeatunitstogether.Tocustomizethepropertiesofaplastic,differentmoleculargroupshangfromthebackbone.Thestructureofthesesidechainsinfluencethepropertiesofthepolymer.Thisfinetuningofthepropertiesofthepolymerbyrepeatingunit'smolecularstructurehasallowedplasticstobecomeanindispensablepartofthetwenty-firstcenturyworld.5.1.合成塑料5.1.1介绍塑料一种塑料材料是任何各种各样的合成的或半合成的有机固体物是可模塑的。塑料通常是高分子量的有机聚合物,但它们常常含有其它物质。他们通常是人工合成的,最常用的石化衍生的,但很多都是半天然。大多数塑料含有有机聚合物。这些聚合物的绝大多数是基于碳原子的单独的或与氧,硫或氮,以及链。骨干是主要的“路径”的链条连接了大量的重复单元起来的那部分。要自定义一个塑料的特性,不同的分子基团的骨干“挂起”。这些“侧链”的结构影响聚合物的性质。重复单元的分子结构的聚合物的性质这一微调使得塑料成为二十一世纪的世界中不可或缺的一部分。AdditivesMostplasticscontainotherorganicorinorganiccompoundsblendedin.Theamountofadditivesrangesfromzeropercentageforpolymersusedtowrapfoodstomorethan50%forcertainelectronicapplications.Theaveragecontentofadditivesis20%byweightofthepolymer.Fillersimproveperformanceand/orreduceproductioncosts.Stabilizingadditivesincludefireretardantstolowertheflammabilityofthematerial.Manyplasticscontainfillers,relativelyinertandinexpensivematerialsthatmaketheproductcheaperbyweight.Typicallyfillersaremineralinorigin,e.g.,chalk.Somefillersaremorechemicallyactiveandarecalledreinforcingagents.Sincemanyorganicpolymersaretoorigidforparticularapplications,theyareblendedwithplasticizers,oilycompoundsthatconferimprovedrheology.Colorantsarecommonadditives,althoughtheirweightcontributionissmall.Manyofthecontroversiesassociatedwithplasticsareassociatedwiththeadditives.添加剂大多数塑料含有混合英寸添加剂的用量其他有机或无机化合物从零百分比,用来包装食品,以对某些电子应用超过50%的聚合物的范围。添加剂的平均含量为20%(重量)的聚合物。填料改善性能和/或降低生产成本。稳定添加剂包括阻燃剂,以降低材料的易燃性。许多塑料含有填料,相对惰性的和便宜的材料,使产品重量便宜。通常填充物是矿物质在起源,例如,粉笔。一些填料是更化学活性并被称为增强剂。由于许多有机聚合物是过于僵化特定的应用程序,它们被混合与增塑剂,赋予改善流变性油性化合物。着色剂是常见的添加剂,虽然它们的重量贡献很小。许多与塑料相关的争议都与添加剂有关。5.1.2PolystyreneStyrenemonomerwasdiscoveredbyNewmanin1786.TheinitialformationofpolystyrenewasbySimonin1839.Whilepolystyrenewasformedalmost175yearsago,wasnotdiscovereduntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.Staudinger,usingstyreneastheprinciplemodel,identifiedthegeneralfreeradicalpolymerizationprocessin1920.Initiallycommercializationofpolystyrene,asinmanycases,awaitedthereadyavailabilityofthemonomer.Whiletherewasavailableethylbenzene,itunderwentthermalcrackingratherthandehydrogenationuntiltheappropriateconditionsandcatalystswerediscovered.Dowfirstsuccessfullycommercializedpolystyreneformationin1938.Whilemostcommercialpolystyrene,PS,hasonlyalowdegreeofstereoregularity,itisrigidandbrittlebecauseoftheresistanceofeasymovementofthemorebulkyphenyl-containingunitsincomparison,forexample,tothemethyl-contain-ingunitsofpolypropylene.ThisisreflectedinarelativelyhighTgofabout100oCforpolystyrene.Itistransparentbecauseofthelowdegreeofcrystallineformation.5.1.2聚苯乙烯苯乙烯单体是在1786年发现了纽曼。聚苯乙烯初步形成了由西蒙于1839年。而聚苯乙烯形成几乎175年前,并没有发现,直到二十世纪初。施陶丁格,使用苯乙烯作为原理模型,确定在1920一般自由基聚合过程。最初,聚苯乙烯商品化,在许多情况下,期待已久的单体的随时可用。虽然有可用乙苯,它经历热裂解,而不是脱氢,直到适当的条件和催化剂被发现。道琼斯指数首次成功商业化聚苯乙烯形成于1938年。而大多数商业的聚苯乙烯,聚苯乙烯,具有立构规整性的仅一个低的程度,它是刚性的,因为易碎的更笨重的含苯基的单元易于移动的阻力相比较,例如,对甲基含有-ING单位聚丙烯。这反映在相对Tg约100oC下聚苯乙烯。这是透明的,因为结晶形成的低度。ThedescriptionofitspolymerizationviaafreeradicalmechanismemployingtypicalcatalystsisgiveninSecs.8.1and8.2.Italsoundergoes“self-initiated”polymerizationthroughtheDiels-Alderreactionoftwoethylbenzenemoleculesformingtwostereoisomersof1-phenyltetralin(below).Theaxialisomerisabletoinitiatestyrenepolymerization.Evenso,initiatorsaregenerallyemployedintheformationofPS.Chaintransferagents,suchasdodecylmercaptans,areoftenemployedtocontrolchaingrowth.PSproductionisgenerallyachievedemployingeithertheContinuouslyStirredTubeReactororstirredtubereactor.Sincethepolymerizationishighlyexothermic,thereactionsystemsaredesignedsothatlargeamountsofheatcanbereadilyremoved.Conversely,astheconversionfractionincreases,sometemperatureincreaseisallowedtoencouragethedecreasingamountsofmonomertoreact.Afterthedesiredconversionfractionisachieved,thereactionmixtureisremovedfromthereactionsystemandexposedtohighvacuumtoremoveunreactedmonomerandothervolatilematerials.Unreactedmonomerisrecycled.其聚合反应通过采用典型的催化剂自由基机理的描述中给出秒。8.1和8.2。它也通过两个乙苯分子形成的1-phenyltetralin(下)两个立体异构体的Diels-Alder反应经历“自发的”聚合反应。轴向异构体是能够发起苯乙烯聚合。即使这样,引发剂通常使用在PS的形成。链转移剂,如十二烷基硫醇,通常采用以控制链增长。PS制作一般采用实现无论是连续搅拌管式反应器或搅拌的管式反应器。由于聚合是高度放热的,反应系统的设计,使得大量的热可以容易地除去。相反,当转换比例的增加,一些温度的增加是允许的,鼓励单体的减少量进行反应。所需的转化分数达到后,将反应混合物从反应体系中除去,并暴露于高真空下除去未反应的单体和其他挥发性物质。未反应的单体被循环。WhilePSislargelycommerciallyproducedusingfreeradicalpolymerization,itcanbeproducedbyallfourofthem