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ManhattanSC__5thEditionJoannaQian1ManhattanSC__5thEdition___EditedbyJoannaQian一Basic·························································2二Grammar&Meaning·········································2三S&VAgreement(主谓一致)··································3四Parallelism(平行)·············································5五Pron.(代词)··················································7六Modifiers(修饰语)············································8七动词（时态，语态，语气）···································9八比较·························································12九习语·························································14十Odds&Ends(杂)············································25十一高阶：Ch2-4···············································27十二高阶：Ch5-6···············································29十三高阶：Ch7-8···············································31附：习题分类····················································33ManhattanSC__5thEditionJoannaQian2一、SC的做题方法与原则1.Bestdoesn’tmeanIdeal.不是找对的，而是在5个选项中evaluate一个相对合理的答案，而不是自己去createanidealone.2．方法（一般1min/题）：1）在草稿纸上列ABCDE2）垂直扫视选项，找不同（split），并分组，若有明显语法错误，则排除（划掉）；3）对剩下的选项re-split，直到找出正解；4）通读整个题干，验证。4．GMC原则：grammar,meaningandconcision,including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法二、GMC原则：Grammar,Meaning,ConcisionGrammar:DoesthesentenceadheretotheruleofStandardWrittenEnglish?Meaning:Isthemeaningofsentenceobviousandunambiguous?(没有歧义)Concision:Isthesentencewrittenaseconomicallyaspossible?(若上两条都满足，选最简洁的)（一）Grammar在之后章节详述（二）Meaning1．正确用词①Economic-经济的(e.g.economicalconsideration=monetaryconsideration)；Economical-节约的；合算的；有效的(=thrifty,efficient)②Aggravate=worsen(v.)；aggravating=irritating(a.)③Knownas–被认为是，很著名；knowntobe-被承认…；knownfor以……知名④Lossof–失去；lossin-贬值⑤Mandate-命令；haveamandate-拥有选举权⑥Nativeof-（人）来自；nativeto–物种起源于⑦Rangeof–多种的；ranging-变化⑧Rateof–速度或频率；ratesfor–价格…⑨Rise–上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Suchas–比如；like-好像=similarto（GMAT中举例只能用suchas,不能用like）2．情态动词Eg.Must=absolutelynecessaryShould在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务（morallyobliged）”，而不是“好像”的意思(GMAT中should不等于likelihood),所以当原句意思有法律法规时不能用should只能用must。3．词在句中的位置（1）要关注一些重点词，all,only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。（2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；Eg：主被动语序强调的对象不同。（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。定语从句中，一般不用倒装。e.g.Areferendum(公民投票权)isageneralpublicvotethroughwhichispassedalaworotherproposals.-alaworotherproposalsispassed.ManhattanSC__5thEditionJoannaQian3（三）Concision1．简洁是GMAT最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。2．GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，Eg:differ好于havedifferenceinWordy:TheyHAVEDIFFERENCESoverTHEWAYINWHICHthecompanyshouldMAKEINVESTMENTSinnewtechnologies.Better:TheyDIFFERoverHOWthecompanyshouldINVESTinnewtechnologies.3．切忌冗余：(1)在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词otherthan-opposite;drop-decrease;sufficient-enough;including-among；haveto–require及近义词then-later;so-inorderto(2)注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。（being除了2种情况1，介词＋beingdone;2,进行时被动语态bebeingdone）三、主谓一致（一）每个句子都必须有主语和谓语，且主谓要一致。连词开头的句子一定要有主句（mainclause），否则是错误的。Eg:缺主语Becausethedogwasnevermine.（二）主谓必须makesensetogether,逻辑上一定要合理(抽象名词不能行走和说话)，且主语和谓语在单复数上要一致。当不清楚主语是否应该是单数/复数的时候，看宾语，想造成这个宾语的主语是什么样的。Eg1:Thedevelopmentofahydrogencarbasedonexpectedperformanceparameterswillbeabletotravelhundredsofmileswithoutrefueling.(错--主语development不能travel,car才能)Eg2:Thediscoveryofnewmedicines(was/were)vitaltothecompany'sgrowth.(ps:主语难判断时，设问whatisvitalto…?显然是discovery这件事，因此用单数)（三）容易引起主语不明显的两个情况1.插入语：介宾短语（主谓间）或前置短语/从句（句首），要会跳读。e.g.NearGalway,thehousesontheroadtoSpiddleis/aregorgeous.（NEARGalway）,theHOUSES（ONtheroadTOSpiddle）AREgorgeous.e.g.(whentheauditorsleft),theexecutive(whohadbeeninterviewed)wasglad.2.某些动词-ing/-ed做形容词，或者用逗号来隔开的，来修饰主语的，可以忽略。e.g.（Limping,）thehorse（onceconsideredoneofthefavorites）was/weretakenaway.4.一个句子中有多个动词和主语的，要找好对应关系，再判断单复数。（四）and和表示连接的词（additivephrase）1.and连接几个不同的名词时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。伴随连接词（alongwith,inadditionto,aswellas,togetherwith,accompaniedby,including）虽然也表达“and”的意思，但是只起修饰语作用，不改变主谓单复数形式。e.g.Joe,aswellashisfriends,ISgoingtothebeach. Mathematics,inadditiontohistoryandscience,ISarequiredsubject.2.学科词（physics,mathematics）/一些活动如有氧运动（aerobics）/一些疾病如糖尿病ManhattanSC__5thEditionJoannaQian4（diabetes）虽然以s结尾，仍属单数名词，谓语动词用单数。注：有且只有“and”可以将单数主语改编成复数主语。其他添加伴随连接词的单数主语，依然是单数主语。（五）either…or,neither…nor1.就近一致原则Eg:Neitherthecoachnortheplayersaregoingtothebeach.NeithertheplayersnorthecoachISgoingtothebeach.2.若仅仅只有either/neither,没有or/nor，谓语动词一定要用单数（六）集合性名词：在GMAT中一般被认为是单数，跟单数谓语People:agency,army,audience,class,committee,crowd,orchestra,teamItems:baggage,citrus（橙类）,equipment,fleet（舰队/小河）,fruit,furnituree.g.TheCROWDinthestandsIScheeringloudlyasthehomeTEAMTAKESthefield.OurARMYofahundredthousandsoldiersISattackingtheenemy.（七）不定代词（-one,-body,-thing）谓语一般用单数；特殊5个记为SANAM谓语需根据后面的“OF介宾短语”中的名词确定谓语单复数（但不绝对）Anyone/anybody/anythingnoone/nobody/nothingsomeone/somebody/somethingeveryone/everybody/everythingeach/every,either/neither(若带or则就近一致),whatever/whoever**特殊情况SANAM—Some/Any/None/All/More,Most1.some/all/more,most/part/harf的谓语看介宾短语Eg:Someofthemoneywasstolen.Someofthedocumentswerestolenfromthebank.HalfofthepieISblueberry,andhalfof