第13讲定语从句例①Thesettlementishometonearly1,000people,manyof______lefttheirvillagehomesforabetterlifeinthecity.(2010浙江卷)A.whomB.whichC.themD.thoseA[解析]此处考查的是介词+which/whom引导从句。由many之前的逗号和选项特征,此处是主从句关系,需要连词。由于先行词是“1,000people”,表示人,故用whom。句意为:这里居住着将近1000人,他们中的许多人都背井离乡去城市追求更好的生活。例②I'vebecomegoodfriendswithseveralofthestudentsinmyschool______ImetintheEnglishspeechcontestlastyear.(2010湖南卷)A.whoB.whereC.whenD.which[解析]该题关键在于找准先行词,是myschool还是thestudents。根据从句的句意以及met缺少宾语可判断先行词是人,故选关系代词who/whom。A例③StephenHawkingbelievesthatearthisunlikelytobetheonlyplanet______lifehasdevelopedgradually.(2010福建卷)A.thatB.whereC.whichD.whose[解析]先行词为planet,定语从句中缺地点状语,故选where,等于onwhich。B例④InChina,thenumberofcitiesisincreasing______developmentisrecognizedacrosstheworld.(2010重庆卷)A.whereB.whichC.whoseD.that[解析]考查定语从句中关系代词whose的用法,它既可指代人也可指代物,在从句中作定语。本题中development与先行词cities之间是所属关系,所以选whose。C例⑤ThehouseIgrewup______hasbeentakendownandreplacedbyanofficebuilding.(2009江西卷)A.initB.inC.inthatD.inwhich[解析]先行词为thehouse,从句Igrewup不缺宾语或主语,结合先行词应填状语inwhich,表地点,也可用where代替,但是空格在从句末而非先行词后,应还原为Thehouse(that/which)Igrewupin,that/which作in的宾语可省略。B方法点拨:考生要把关系代词指代的先行词代入到定语从句,把定语从句还原为一个完整的简单句,再判定先行词在句子中的成分,由此来选择正确的关系代词。先行词指人,则用who/that,whom作宾语;先行词指物,则用which,that。注意关系代词的省略:关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时,关系代词可省略,其他情况不可省。关系代词在非限制性定语从句中,as和which可代替整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。二者的区别主要在于:1.as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以在主句前,也可以在主句后,有时还可以插入句中,常带有“正如……,正像……”的意思。而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后,翻译成“这”。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous关系代词as和which2.若先行词有such,thesame,soadj.+a/an等修饰时,用as充当关系代词引导定语从句,在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等。Sheissuchanicegirlaswealllike.(as是关系代词,代替先行词suchanicegirl,充当like的宾语。意思为:她是一个我们大家都喜欢的乖女孩。)对比:Sheissuchanicegirlthatwealllikeher.(结果状语从句。意思为:她是如此乖的一个女孩以至于我们大家都喜欢她。)关系代词as和which“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which。1.某些带有介词的动词短语,介词可以提至关系代词之前。但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中则不能,如takecareof,lookfor,lookafter,carefor等。Thisisthebook(which/that)Iamlookingfor.不可以说:ThisisthebookforwhichIamlooking.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句2.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者数词修饰,且有时这些数词或代词也可以放在“介词+关系代词”之后。Helovedhisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.=Helovedhisparentsdeeply,ofwhombothareverykindtohim.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句3.介词+which/whom+todo结构。这种结构可以改为:介词+which/whom+定语从句。Idon'thaveenoughmoneywithwhichtobuysuchanexpensivedress.=Idon'thaveenoughmoneywithwhichIcanbuysuchanexpensivedress.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句4.在非限制性定语从句中,which可作定语,指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息,形成“介词+which+名词”结构,相当于andin/at/duringthis/that+名词。Hewasveryill,inwhichcase(=andinthiscase)wesenthimtohospitalfirst.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系词whosewhose可以指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语,后跟名词。指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich/=ofwhichthe+名词。还原为:the+名词+of+先行词/先行词's+名词。Theclassroomwhosedoor/thedoorofwhich/ofwhichthedoorisbrokenisonthesecondfloor.(whose在从句中作定语,修饰door,定语从句可还原为:Thedooroftheclassroomisbroken.)1.关系副词的分类和作用(1)when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语;when=表示时间的介词(in/at/on/during…)+which。Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichIfirstcametotheschool.(2)where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,where=表示地点的介词(in/at/on/under…)+which。Thehousewhere/inwhichIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.关系副词when/where/why(3)why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,why=表示原因的介词(for)+which。Idon'tknowthereasonwhy/forwhichhelooksunhappytoday.关系副词when/where/why2.以theway为先行词的定语从句,若way在句中表示方式状语,则由inwhich或that引导,而且通常可以省略。Theway(inwhich/that)heansweredthequestionwassurprising.(inwhich/that在从句中充当状语)注意:Theway(which/that)heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.(which/that在从句中充当宾语)关系副词when/where/why3.有时为了表达更清楚,可以在关系副词where/when前加上介词to,from等。Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites,fromwherekitesspreadtoJapan,Korea,ThailandandIndia.4.一些特殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity,scene及period,festival,occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析,作主语、宾语和表语用that/which,作状语用where/when/介词+which。关系副词when/where/why1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。I,whoamyourclosefriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouwheneveryouareintrouble.2.oneof+复数名词+关系代词+复数动词;而theonlyoneof+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词。HarryPotterisoneofthebestsellersthatarepopularwithteenagers.定语从句的主谓一致HarryPotteristheonlyoneofthebestsellersthatmakestheauthorabillionaire.3.在非限制性定语从句中,由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时,从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。Hehaspassedtheexam,whichmakesussurprised.GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina,asisknowntoall.定语从句的主谓一致①It'swellknownthatricecanbeonlygrowninareas______enoughwater.A.whereisB.wherehaveC.thereisD.whichhave[解析]先行词是areas,结合从句可以填wherethereis构成从句的状语或whichhaveenoughwater作从句的主语,因此答案只能是D。D②Sheisacaringandhelpfulneighbor,______allofuswillalwaysbethankfulto.A./B.thatC.forwhomD.onewhom[解析]容易误认为是考查定语从句,先行词是neighbor,可是关系代词引导非限制性定语从句时不能省略,因此排除选项A、B。分析从句发现缺少宾语,选项C中的for多余,而D项中one可作neighbor的同位语,whom引导的定语从句就是修饰它。定语从句和同位语知识一起考是一个热点。D③Itwastheearly2000s______mobilephoneswerewidelyusedinChina,______itwasconsideredthepatentoftherich.A.that;inwhichB.when;beforewhichC.that;afterwhichD.when;inwhere[解析]第一个定语从句缺少时间状语,由when引导,修饰theearly2000s;句意:在21世纪初,手机在中国得以普及,而在此之前,它一直被看做是有钱人的专利。which指代前面的内容。因而B为最佳答案。B④Thechiefmanagerhasdecidedtoput______hethinksisenergetic,clever,andhasgoodqualitiesinthepositionoftheleadershipofthecompany.A.thosewhoB.anyoneC.whomeverD.whoever[解析]主句put…inthepositionoftheleadershipofthecompany中