高考中的初中英语语法知识第三讲:形容词、副词(一)形容词、副词的作用与位置形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词动词、其他副词或者句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况,须牢记:1.形容词短语作定语,定语后置。eg.alanguagedifficulttomasteraleaningtowerabout180feethigh2.表语形容词(afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等)作定语,定语后置如amanalive有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well,faint,ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为“bad”。3.形容词用作定语,修饰不定代词通常后置。4.else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。5.enough,nearly等修饰名词前置或后置均可。但enough修饰形容词、副词时必须后置。6.几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,一般是:方式-地点-时间。WehadagoodtimetogetheroutdoorslastSunday.7.频度副词often,always,usually等放在be之后、行为动词前。8.副词作定语,定语后置。Thepeopletherearefriendly9.多个形容词修饰同一名词的顺序。限定词(冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词)数(序数词、基数词)形(大小、长短、形状)记住:限-数-描-形-新-颜-国-材(+名词)Eg.ThefirstbeautifullargelongnewredChineseconcretebridge.请译:一个漂亮的崭新中国式陶瓷大花瓶。anicebignewChinesechinavase.10.以-ly结尾的词性辨析1)下列单词以-ly结尾(并非副词)lively,lonely,lovelydeadly,friendlyugly,silly,likelybrotherlytimely.2)空间与抽象close-closely,high-highly,low–lowly,deep-deeply3)有无ly意义大不相同的副词dead完全绝对-deadlylate–lately(最近)(二)复合形容词的构成1.形+名+edkind-heartedwhite–haired2.形+形red–hotdark–blue3.形+现分good–lookingeasy–going4.副词+现分hard–workingfast–moving5.副词+过分hard–wonnewly–made6.名+形life–longworld–famous7.名+现分peace–lovingfun–loving8.名+过分snow–coveredhand–made9.数+名+edfourstoreyedthree–legged10.数+名ten-yeartwo-man(三)形容词与副词的比较等级1.原级的构成和用法构成:形容词、副词的原级即本身用法:表示双方在程度、性质、特征等方面相等时用“as+原级+as”不等时用“notso/as+原级+as”倍数用“倍数+as+原级+as”Eg:XiaoWangisastallasXiaoYu.Thisbuildinglooksnotso/ashighasthatone.MissLiuspeaksEnglishasfluentlyasyou.Thisroomisthreetimesaslargeasthatone.2.比较级和最高级的构成1)规则形容词、副词的比较级和最高级(4种)2)不规则的形容词、副词的级要特殊记。good/well-bad/ill-many/much-little-far-old-3.比较级的用法1)双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用“比较级+than“的结构如Thispictureismorebeautifulthanthatone.2)表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”结构Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.3)表示一方在程度或数量上超过另一方时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar等修饰。如heworksevenharderthanbefore注意:byfar通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级一般放在比较级的后面,若放在前面,应在二者中间加the.如:Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.4)表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时,用“the+比较级(主语+谓语)the+比较级(主语+谓语)”结构(越….越…)Theharderheworks,thehappierhefeels.5)不与其他事物相比,表示本身程度的改变时,用“比较级+and+比较级”结构。Thegirlbecomesmoreandmorebeautiful.Theweatherisgettingcolderandcolder.6)某些以-ior结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than.这些词有inferior(劣等的,次的),superior,junior(资历较浅的),senior。如:heissuperiortoMrZhanginchemistry.7)倍数表达法Ais+倍数thesize(height/length/width/depth)ofBAis+倍数+as…asBAis+倍数+比较级thanB注意:times表三倍以上,两倍用twice/double译:我们的学校比他们的学校大三倍。(三种方法)4最高级的用法1)三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“the+最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如:ZhangHuaisthetallestofthethree.Heworks(the)hardestinhisclass.2)最高级可被序数词以及much,byfar,nearly,almost,bynomeans,notquite,notreally,nothinglike(没有什么能比得上)等修饰。如:Thishatisbyfarthebiggest.Howmuchdidthesecondmostexpensivehatcost?3)表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect等没有最高级,也没有比较级。4)形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时,被修饰的的词往往省略。如:Heisthetallestboyinhisclass.5)作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。5.由as/so组成的形容词或副词短语。1)asmuchas+不可数名词数量。如:Eachstoneweighsasmuchas15tons.Shecouldearnasmuchastendollarsaweek.2)asmanyas+可数名词数量如:Ihaveasmanyassixteenreferencebooks.3)asearlyas早在AsearlyasthetwelfthcenturytheEnglishbegantoinvadetheisland.4)asfaras远道,就…而言Wemightgoasfarasthechurchandback.AsfarasIknow,hehasbeentherebefore.5)may/mightaswell不妨,不如Thenyoumightaswellstaywithushere.6)as…assbcanbe到了最…的程度,极其Theyareasunreliableastheycanbe.(他们极其不可信)7)as…asonecan=as…aspossible(尽某人可能)Hebegantorunasfastashecould6.几组重要词语辨析1)very和much的区别可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much.表示状态的过去分词前用very。如:averyfrightenedboy;averytiredchildaverycomplicatedproblem以-ing,-ed结尾的分词多用much,verymuch,greatly修饰。如:WeweregreatlyshockedbythenewsaboutTom.too前用much或far,不用very,Youaremuch/far/alottoonice.注意:修饰绝对意义的形容词,一般不用very,而用quite,completely,well,entirely等修饰。如:quitewrong/mistaken/sure;completelydead;quiteimpossible,quiteperfect等。1.morethan不只是(=notonly)MissLiismorethanateacher.She’sourbestfriend.2.morethan+数词,多于,超过,相当于overThereareover/morethan70studentsinourclass.3.more…than…与其说…不如说Heismorediligentthanclever7.请区分下列词组4.morethan极其地,非常地(=very)Theyaremorethansatisfied.5.Thisismorethan+从句此事非某人所能5.sthismorethan+从句(此事非某人所能)Eg:ThisproblemismorethanIcansolve.ThisismorethanIcansay.6.morethanone不只一个(谓语动词用单数)morethanonce不只这一次Morethanoneperson______thissecret.7.morethannotmorethan不超过,至多=atthemostnomorethan仅仅,和…一样少nomore…than两者同样不…notmore…than前者不如后者;不比…更8.lessthan(少于)notlessthan(不少于)=atleastnolessthan(和…一样多)=asmuchas类似地:nofewerthan=asmanyas和…一样多noworsethan=asgoodas和…一样好nobetterthan=asbadas和…一样坏noricherthan=aspooras和…一样穷nolaterthan=asearlyas和…一样早高考再现1.(2005北京)This_____girlisLinda’scousin.A.prettylittleSpanishB.SpanishlittleprettyC.SpanishprettylittleD.littleprettySpanish2.(2005天津)MrSmithowns_______collectionofcoinsthananyoneelseIhaveevermet.A.largeBalargerC.thelargerD.alarge3.Marycan’tspeakEnglish_____herfriends,butherwrittenworkisperfect.A.aswellasB.asoftenasC.somuchasD.asgoodasADA4.How______canyoufinishyourcomposition?A.oftenB.soonC.longD.rapid5.(2005汕头)itwas_____latetocatchabusaftertheparty;thereforewecalledataxi.A.tooveryB.muchtooC.toomuchD.far6.(2005西城区)Ittakesusquitelongtogotherebyship,it’s__