目录Ⅰ.练习题……………………………………………………………1一、命名………………………………………………………………………1二、写结构式…………………………………………………………………3三、写出反应的主产物………………………………………………………3四、鉴别………………………………………………………………………7五、分离提纯…………………………………………………………………8六、完成转化…………………………………………………………………8七、合成………………………………………………………………………10八、选择………………………………………………………………………10九、推测结构式………………………………………………………………16Ⅱ.参考答案…………………………………………………………………23一、命名………………………………………………………………………23二、写结构式…………………………………………………………………24三、写出反应的主产物………………………………………………………25四、鉴别………………………………………………………………………27五、分离提纯…………………………………………………………………29六、完成转化…………………………………………………………………30七、合成………………………………………………………………………34八、选择………………………………………………………………………37九、推测结构式……………………………………………………………37....I.练习题一、命名下列化合物(有构型者标明之)1.(CH3)2CHCH2CHCHCH3CH3C2H52.3.H3CHHOHCCC2H5CH3COOHBr4.5.6.COOCH(CH3)2NO2CH3BrCH2BrCl7.8.OHSO3H9.NNNHCH3OO10.11.12.IOCH2COONa(CH3)3COCH2PhHOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3OH-13.CH3OO14.CCH2CH3BrONO215.CH3CH2CHCOOCH2CH316.17.CNC2H5CH3OH18.OHOHHHCH3CCH2CHOO19.20.CH3C(CH3)3....21.22.23.NNOHOHCH2CHCH2OHOCH3N24..HClCH325.26.CH3CCNHOOCH327.2829.NN(CH3)2COCH2CH2COOHOHCH2OH30.31.32.NHCH3COOCH3COBrCH333.34.35.OHOOHOCH3HOCH2OHON2NHNC(CH3)2NO2HCH3CCCHCH2CH3CHC2H5CH3CH2CCH36.37.ONNNOHOHHOH2CNH2Cl38.ClOCH3COOCH2COCH2CONBr39.BrCH3HBrCH3HClCH3CONHCH3CONH40.41.Cl....42.43.44.OOCH3H2NCHCONHCH2COOHCH3CH2CHCNn45.46.47.CH3CONO2OCOCH2OClCHOCH3OCH348.49.50.POOHOHCH3CH2OOOHOH二、写出下列化合物的结构式1.反-3,4-二甲基-2-戊烯2.D-甘油醛3.乙烯基乙炔4.水杨酸5.异丙基丙烯基醚6.内消旋酒石酸7.(E)-3-氯-2-戊烯8.β-D-呋喃型果糖9.糠醛10.二甲亚砜(DMSO)11.间溴乙酰苯胺12.邻苯二甲酸酐13.反-十氢化萘14.草酰乙酸15.四氢呋喃16.季戊四醇17.氯化对甲基重氮苯18.乙丙酐19.4-甲基间苯二胺20.δ-葡萄糖酸内酯21.(S)-5-己烯-3-醇22.L-半胱氨酸23.均三甲苯24.顺-Δ9-十八碳烯酸25.D-核糖26.2-环戊烯酮27.(S)-苹果酸28.β-吲哚乙酸甲酯29.DMF30.苦味酸31.安息香酸32.延胡索酸33.缩二脲34.三磷酸胞苷35.4-氯苯乙酮36.苄自由基37.18-冠-638.偶氮二异丁腈39.D-(+)-苏阿糖40.有机玻璃41.丙酮缩氨脲42.乙二醇甲乙酸酯43.蔗糖44.α-麦芽糖45.2-甲基-5-乙烯基吡啶46.N-(2,4-二硝基苯基)-甘氨酸47.1,3-二溴环己烷的优势构象48.O,O-二甲基-S-乙基二硫代磷酸酯49.1,2-二氯乙烷的优势构象的纽曼投影式....50.(2R,3S)-2-氯-3-羟基丁酸(费歇尔投影式)三、写出下列反应的主要产物1.CH3CH2CHCH2+Cl2低温500℃2.CH2CHCH2+HBr25℃H2O23.CHCCH3CH3+KMnO4HOH-冷、稀+4.CH2CHCH2HBr+(过量)5.(CH3)CHCCH+Cu(NH3)2Cl6.(CH3)3CC2H5+KMnO4H+7.CCH+H2OHgSO4-H2SO48.+CH3CHCH2ClCH3AlCl39.+稀HNO3ClOHCH3+10.CH2Br2FehClCH2CH11.BrCH+KCN(过量)CH3CH3CH3ClCH2CHCH12.KOH-C2H5OHOH13.浓H2SO4ClOH14.NaOHCH3CH2IOH15.浓H2SO4+K2Cr2O7....CH3+16.OHI17.+O3Zn/H2OCH3CH318.CO+HCNH3O+19.CHO+Ag(NH3)2OH20.O+H2NOHOH21.COOH+NaHCO3CH3CH222.CHO稀OH-23.CHO+HCHO浓OH-COC24.+CH3OHOO25.HCOOH+CH3CHCH3O18H浓H2SO426.+COOH27.CH3OCH2CH(OCH3)2H3O+28.CH3CCH2COOCH2CH3+Br2OH2O29.COOHNH3PCl3Br2/NaOH30.CH2CHCOOH+HBr31.CHCH2COOHOH....H2O32.OO+NaOHCH3CH2CHCH333.OHNaOH+I234.CH3CHCOOHNH2+FNO2NO2N35.H+CH3I(过量)CH3湿Ag2O36.CH3CHCH2CHCH3NH2OHNaNO2HCl+37.N浓H2SO4/SO338.H2NCCH2CClOO+OH39.+N2ClN(CH3)20~5℃40.N2Cl+CuCl41.ONHNH2+(过量)CH2HO42.OOHOHOHOH+CH3OH干HCl43.H2NCH2COOH+HCHO44.CH3CHCNHCNH2+H2OOONH2....H2OCH2HOOOHOHOHOH+Br245.NH3CH346.SO3HPCl5NH347.CCOOOKOHRXC48.O+MgBrCH3CHCCHCH49.+Br2(1mol)CH2CH2CCHCH50.+Br2(1mol)CH3CHCH51.CHCH2+HBr-80℃40℃CH2COOHOH52.CH3CH2OCCH2CHOCH253.+NaHSO3(过量)CH2C(CH3)254.BrClH2O+OH-55.CH2CHCH(CH3)2BrKOH/C2H5OHOCClCl+C2H5OH(过量)56.HCl(CH3)3CCHCH3ZnCl257.OHKOH/C2H5OHCH3CHCHCH2CH358.ClCl59.浓H2SO4160℃....四、用简便的化学方法鉴别下列各组化合物1.烯丙基溴、丙烯基溴、甲醇和乙醇2.1-戊醇、1-戊硫醇、正丙醚3.1-丁炔、2-丁炔和甲基环丙烷4.甲苯、苯乙烯、苯乙炔和叔丁基苯5.甲酸、草酸、葡萄糖和果糖6.α-氨基丙酸、β-氨基丙酸和苯胺7.果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖8.吡啶、β-甲基吡啶和糠醛9.2-戊酮、3-戊酮和环戊酮10.淀粉、蛋白质、甘氨酸11.甲酸、甲醛、乙醛和苯甲醛12.己醛、2-己酮、己醛糖和己酮糖13.苯胺、苯酚、环己醇和环己酮14.苄胺、苯胺、甘氨酸、乙酰胺15.甲苯、苯酚和2,4,6-三硝基苯酚16.RNA、DNA、蛋白质和油脂17.苯甲醚、苯甲醇、邻甲苯酚18.乙酰氯、乙酸酐、乙酸乙酯19.CH3CHOCH(OCH3)220.OOCH3OHHOHOCH2OHOOCH3OHHOHOCH2OHOOHHOHOCH2OHOH五、分离或除去1.环己烷和环己烯2.乙醇和乙醚3.邻甲基苯酚和苄醇4.苯和吡啶5.苯甲酸、苯甲醛、苯甲醇、苯酚6.苯胺、N-甲基苯胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺7.氯苯、苯甲醚8.苯中的少量噻吩9.环己烷中少量的1-己醇10.苯甲醇中的少量苯甲醛和苯甲酸六、以给定的有机物为原料,无机试剂任选,完成下列转化1.CH3CH2CH2ClCH3CHCH3Br2.CH3CHCH2CH2CHCH2ClClCl3.CH3CHCH2CH3CHCOOHCH34.CH2CH2CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCHCH5.CH3CHCH2CH3OH....6.CH3CH2OHCH3CHOCH2OCHCH3CH2CH3ClCH2COOH和7.8.CH3NH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2NH29.10.CHO11.CH3NH2COOHCH3CHO和12.NH2COOHCH2COOC2H5CH2CH213.CH2COOC2H5NH214.NO2BrCH315.CH3BrBrCONH216.OHNO2CH317.CH3COOH18.丙酸N-乙基丙酰胺....19.CH3CHOCH3CHCOOHNH220.CHCHCH3CHCHCHO21.CH3CHCH2(CH3)2CC(CH3)222.BrBrBr23.CH3COOHBrBrCHCH224.CH(OCH3)225.CH2CHCHCH2H2N(CH2)6NH2七、从指定的有机物出发,合成下列化合物(其它无机、有机试剂任选)1.乙烯戊酸2.乙醇叔丁醇3.乙醇季戊四醇4.NO2NO2OCH2COONa5.CH3CH2Br(CH3)2CCHCH36.CCH2COOH7.NH2NO2BrBrNO2CH2CH2OH8.NO2CH39.CH3NO210.CH3CHCH2CH3CH2CNHCH2CH2CH3O11.CH3CH2OHCH3CHC(CH3)2OHHO....12.13.14.CH2CHCHCH2CH2OH15.CH3COCH2COOC2H5CH2CHCH2CH2COCH3八、选择题1.下列化合物中熔点最高的是a.正戊烷b.新戊烷c.异戊烷d.环戊烷2.下列碳正离子中最稳定的是a.CH3CH2C+HCH3b.CH3CH2CH2C+H2c.CH2=CHC+HCH3d.CH3CH=C+CH33.下列构象中最稳定的是a.b.CH3CH3c.d.CH3CH34.下列化合物有顺反异构体的是a.CH3CCCH3b.CH3CH=CHCH3c.CH3CH2CH=CH2d.CH3C(CH3)=CH25.丁烷四种典型构象内能大小顺序为a.全重叠式部分重叠式>邻位交叉式对位交叉式b.对位交叉式邻位交叉式部分重叠式全重叠式c.部分重叠式全重叠式>邻位交叉式对位交叉式d.邻位交叉式对位交叉式部分重叠式全重叠式6.在常温下,环戊二烯与Br2发生加成反应的主产物是a.b.c.d.BrBrBrBrBrBrBr7.下列化合物发生硝化反应由易到难的是①②CH3NO2③④Cla.②>①>④>③b.②>④>①>①....c.④>①>②>⑤d.①>②>②>④8.下列化合物若按SNl历程反应,活性由强到弱的次序是BrBr①②CH2Br③④CH3Bra.①>②>⑤>④b.③>④>①>②c.②>④>⑦>①d.②>①>③>④9.下列化合物中碱性最强的是a.NH3b.PhNH2C.CH3NH2d.(CH3)4NOH10.下列化合物中酸性最强的是a.苯酚b.对甲苯酚c.对硝基苯酚d.对甲氧基苯酚11.下列化合物中酸性最强的是a.三氯醋酸b.二氯醋酸c.氯代醋酸d.醋酸12.下列糖属于非还原性糖的是a.果糖b.乳糖c.麦芽糖d.蔗糖13.缬氨酸的等电点是5.96,在纯水中它的主要存在形式是a.(CH3)2CHCH(NH3+)COOHb.(CH3)2CHCH(NH3+)C