高考英语复习:语法系列课件之定语从句

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高考语法复习系列十二定语从句1.定语从句考点1、关系代词that–which;whose;which–as的用法比较;2、关系代词和关系副词的用法比较;3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句;4、定语从句与并列句的区别。1、关系代词的用法比较问题1:1、Jimpassedthedrivingtest,______surprisedeverybodyintheoffice.(05浙江卷)A.whichB.thatC.thisD.it2、Luckily,we’dbroughtaroadmapwithout______wewouldhavelostourway.(04北京春季)A.itB.thatC.thisD.whichA当先行词为物时,关系代词可以用that也可用which,但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which,不能用that。D但在下列情况中,只能用that,不用which:①当先行词是all,alot,(a)little,few,much,none,anything,something,everything,nothing等词时。如:Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.InthisfactoryIsawlittle/muchthatwasdifferentfromours.②当先行词被all,any,no,much,little,few,every等限定词所修饰时。如:Weheardclearlyeverywordthathesaid.③当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如:Thefirstthingthatshouldbedoneistogetthetickets.WhenpeopletalkaboutHangzhou,thefirstthatcomestomindistheWestLake.④当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰,以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时,如:Isthatthebestthatyoucando?That’sthemostexpensivehotelthatwe’veeverstayedin.ThisnovelisthesecondbestonethatIhaveeverread.⑤当先行词被thevery,theonly,thenext,thelast等所修饰时。如:ThisistheverybookthatIwanttofind.⑥当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如:TheguestsspokehighlyofthechildrenandtheirperformancesthattheysawattheChildren’sPalace.Shedescribedinhercompositionsthepeopleandplacesthatimpressedhermost.⑦当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如:Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?问题2:1)Lastmonth,partofSoutheastAsiawasstruckbyfloods,from_______effectsthepeoplearestillsuffering.(05天津卷)A.thatB.whoseC.thoseD.what2)GeorgeOrwell,______wasEricArthur,wrotemanypoliticalnovelsandessays.(04北京)A.therealnameB.whathisrealnameC.hisrealnameD.whoserealnameBD“whose+名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语(如题2),又能作宾语(如题1)。whose的先行词常用来指人(如题2),但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念(如题1),这时可以与ofwhich结构互换,词序是:“名词+ofwhich”。题1可变为:fromtheeffectsofwhich…问题3:1、_____isoftenthecase,wehaveworkedouttheproductionplan.(04江苏)A.WhichB.WhenC.WhatD.As2、Johnsaidhe’dbeenworkingintheofficeforanhour,_______wastrue.(01北京春季)A.heB.thisC.whichD.whoD非限制性定语从句一般采用which或as来引导。使用这两个词时要注意三点:(1)as引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。(2)从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西,因此常译成“就象……那样、正如所……的”。(3)如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则用which,而不用as,C问题4:Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbuthesaidit.(04湖北)A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhichA该句的意思是“使我感到惊奇的不是他说了些什么,而是他表达的方法。”句中“whathesaid”和“thewayhesaidit”是并列结构作表语。假如theway在从句中作状语,其中的关系词有三种不同的表达方式。1)theway+that;2)theway后省略关系词;3)theway+inwhich。根据句意可以排除B、C;答案Dwhich前缺少介词in,所以答案为A。2、关系代词和关系副词的比较问题1:1、Doyoustillrememberthechickenfarm_____wevisitedthreemonthsago?(05北京春季)A.whereB.whenC.thatD.what2、Thereweredirtymarksonhertrousers______shehadwipedherhands.(04全国II)A.whereB.whichC.whenD.thatCA当先行词是表时间的time,day等和表地点的place,house等时,一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where。题1中的farm作visited的宾语,故选C;题2中的trousers作wiped的地点状语,故选A。使用关系副词应注意下列几点:1、关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词+which结构:when=on(in,at,during…)+which;where=in(at,on…)+which;why=forwhich.如:IwasinBeijingonthedaywhen(=onwhich)hearrived.Theofficewhere(=inwhich)heworksisonthethirdfloor.Thisisthechiefreasonwhy(=forwhich)wedidit.2、当先行词是表时间和表地点的词时,一定要注意分析从句的结构,如果缺少主语或宾语时,关系词应该用which或that,缺少时间状语或地点状语时,才能用when或where,试比较:I’llneverforgetthedaywhenmyhometownwasliberated.I’llneverforgetthedayswhich/thatwespenttogetherlastsummer.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhereradiopartsaremade.Hisfatherworksinafactorywhich/thatmakesradioparts.3、when和where既可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而why只能引导限制性定语从句。3、介词加关系代词引导定语从句问题1:1、Theplace____thebridgeissupposedtobebuiltshouldbe___thecross-rivertrafficistheheaviest.(05江苏卷)A.which;whereB.atwhich;whichC.atwhich;whereD.which;inwhich2、Hewaseducatedatalocalgrammarschool,____hewentontoCambridge.(05山东卷)A.fromwhichB.afterthatC.afterwhichD.fromthisCC题1中theplace在定语从句中作tobebuilt的地点状语,此处的atwhich相当于where;后面是表语从句,表示建在某地。题2表示读完当地的语法学校后去剑桥深造,故选C。介词加关系代词引导定语从句是近几年高考中的热点,复习中需注意以下几个问题:1.关系代词作介词宾语,不论是在限制性定语从句中,还是在非限制性定语从句中,当介词前置时,只能用whom指人,which指物;但如果介词后置,则不受这种限制,关系代词还可以省去,特别是在口语中。如:Doyouknowtheboytowhomshewastalking?Doyouknowtheboy(that)shewastalkingto?Thepencil(which/that)hewaswritingwithsuddenlybroke.2.要确认关系代词前用什么介词,需根据从句中的动词与先行词的关系来确定。所以解题时需分析从句与主句之间的关系。巩固练习:1.Americanwomenusuallyidentifytheirbestfriendassomeone_____theycantalkfrequently.(04上海)A.whoB.asC.aboutwhichD.withwhom2.TheEnglishplay______mystudentsactedattheNewYear’spartywasagreatsuccess.(04全国I)AforwhichBatwhichCinwhichDonwhich3.Therearealtogetherelevenbooksontheshelf,______fivearemine.(04全国IV)AonwhichBinwhichCofwhichDfromwhich4.Thejourneyaroundtheworldtooktheoldsailorninemonths,_____thesailingtimewas226days.(04广西)A.ofwhichB.duringwhichC.fromwhichD.forwhichADCC4.非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别问题1:Therearetwobuildings,standsnearlyahundredfeethigh.(04湖北)A.thelargerB.thelargerofthemC.thelargeronethatD.thelargerofwhich要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句,关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词,若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折号,那就是并列句;如果两句之间没有这些连接符号,那就是非限制性定语从句,此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词了。D巩固练习:1.Thefactoryproduceshalfamillionpairsofshoeseveryyear,80%aresoldabroad.(04辽宁)A.ofwhichB.whichofC.ofthemD.ofthat2.Ihavemanyfriends,somearebusinessmen.(05全国卷1)A.ofthemB.fromwhichC.whoofD.ofwhomAD题2也可以改为:someofwhomarebusinessmen.如果在之前加上连词and,就只能用someofthem,而且不能倒装。5、注意thesame…as/such…as的使用问题当先行词被thesame所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