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大学英语精读第5册和第6册全文课文翻译AKindofSermonItisprobablyeasierforteachersthanforstudentstoappreciatethereasonswhylearningEnglishseemstobecomeincreasinglydifficultoncethebasicstructuresandpatternsofthelanguagehavebeenunderstood.Studentsarenaturallysurprisedanddisappointedtodiscoverthataprocesswhichoughttobecomesimplerdoesnotappeartodoso.Itmaynotseemmuchconsolationtopointoutthattheteacher,too,becomesfrustratedwhenhiseffortsappeartoproducelessobviousresults.Hefindsthatstudentswhowereeasytoteach,becausetheysucceededinputtingeverythingtheyhadbeentaughtintopractice,hesitatewhenconfrontedwiththevastuntouchedareaofEnglishvocabularyandusagewhichfallsoutsidethescopeofbasictextbooks.Heseesthemstrugglingbecausethelanguagetheythoughtthey一番说教一旦在掌握了英语基本结构和句型之后，再往下学习似乎变得越来越困难了；这其中的原因，也许老师比学生更容易理解。当学生们发现一个本该变得越来越容易的学习过程似乎并未变的简单时，他们自然会感到惊讶并失望。在知道老师在其努力所产生的效果似乎不及一开始明显时也会灰心丧气，学生们并不感到多少安慰。他发现那些学生很容易去教，因为他们能把所学的知识很快的用于实践；而现在，他们面对大量未曾接触过的英语词汇和惯用法时会显得踌躇不前，因为这些词汇和惯用法都是基础教科书上所没有涉及的内容。他看到学生们在挣扎，因为他们本以为已经认识的语言现在看上去似乎是由种种令人困惑不解的、在不同上下文中有不同含义的习语，陈词滥调和成语组成的。很难让他们相信，他knewnowappearstoconsistofabewilderingvarietyofidioms,clichédandacceptedphraseswithdifferentmeaningsindifferentcontexts.ItishardtoconvincethemthattheyarestillmakingprogresstowardsfluencyandthattheirEnglishiscertaintoimprove,giventimeanddedication.Insuchcircumstancesitishardlysurprisingthatsomegiveupindisgust,whileothersstillwaithopefullyfortheteachertogivethemthesameconfidentguidancehewasabletoofferthematfirst.Theteacher,forhispart,frequentlyreducedtotryingtoexplaintheinexplicable,maytakerefugeinquotingproverbstohiscolleaguessuchas:Youcanleadahorsetowaterbutyoucan'tmakehimdrink”or,morerespectfullyiflessgrammatically:”Itain’twhatyousay,It'sthewaythatyousayit.Hisstudentsmightfeelinclinedtocounterthesewith:ThemoreIlearn,thelessIknow.们仍朝着流利的方向发展，并且只要肯花时间和持之以恒，他们英语一定会有所提高。在此情况下，有些学生厌恶地放弃了学习并不出人意外；而另外一些学生则仍然满怀希望地等待着老师像最初那样给他们以满怀信心的指导。就教师来说，由于经常不得不去解释一些无法解释的东西，他们就可能对同事们引用一些谚语来聊以自慰，比如：“引马河边易，逼马饮水难”或者引用一句虽语法不严谨但比较尊重对方的话：“重要的不在于你说什么，而在于你怎么说。”对这些话，他的学生也许会反唇相讥道：我学的越多，懂得越少。事实当然并非如此。不管是学生还是老师，他们都在经历着这样一个认识过程，即我们在某Ofcoursethisisnottrue.Whatbothstudentsandteachersareexperiencingistherecognitionthatthemorecomplexstructuresoneencountersinalanguagearenotasvitaltomakingoneselfunderstoodandsohavealessimmediatefieldofapplication.Forthesamereason,fromtheteacher'spointofview,selectingwhatshouldbetaughtbecomesamoredifficulttask.Itismucheasiertogetfoodofanykindthantochoosethedishyouwouldmostliketoeatonagivendayfromavastmenu.Definingtheproblemiseasierthanprovidingthesolution.OnecansuggestthatstudentsshouldspendtwoorthreeyearsinanEnglish-speakingcountry,whichamountstowashingone'shandsofthem.Fewstudentshavethetimeorthemoneytodothat.Itisoftensaidthatwidereadingisthetimeorthemoneytodothat.Itisoftensaidthatwidereadingisthebestalternativecourseofactionbutevenhereitis种语言中所遇到的较复杂的语言结构，在表达自己的意思来说并非至关重要，因此它们的直接应用范围很少。出于同样的理由，以教师的观点来看，选择适当的教材就成了一项更为困难的任务。比起在某个特定日子从一份丰盛的菜单中选出你最想吃的菜来，随便准备点吃的东西要容易的多。界定问题比找出答案容易。有人可能会建议学生去讲英语的国家住两三年，这等于撒手不管他们。没有几个学生有时间或者有钱出国。人们常说：广泛阅读是最佳选择方法，但即使在这一方面，读书也需要进行某些选择。让学生走进图书馆随便拿起他们遇到的第一本书就读，这是无用的。我的建议是：要读无需查字典就能看懂的书（但并非一看即懂的书）；读你感兴趣的书；读有时间读的书（杂志和报纸而不是长篇小说，除非你能在一周左右的时间里读完它）；读当代写的英文，而不是二百年前的；necessarytomakesomekindofselection.Itisnousetellingstudentstogotothelibraryandpickupthefirstbooktheycomeacross.Myownadvicetothemwouldbe:readwhatyoucanunderstandwithouthavingtolookupwordsinadictionary(butnotwhatyoucanunderstandataglance);readwhatinterestsyou;readwhatyouhavetimefor(magazinesandnewspapersratherthannovelsunlessyoucanreadthewholenovelinaweekorso);readtheEnglishwrittentoday,not200yearsago;readasmuchasyoucanandtrytorememberthewayitwaswrittenratherthanindividualwordsthatpuzzledyou.Andinsteadofread,Icouldjustaswellsaylistento.Myadvicetoteacherswouldbesimilarinaway.IwouldsayIt'snogoodthinkingthatanythingwilldo,orthatalllanguageisuseful.It'snogoodrelyingonstudentstoexpressthemselveswithouttherighttoolsforexpression.It'sstillyourdutytochoose要尽量多读并设法记住写作方法，而不要拘泥于令你困惑的个别单词。并且，除了读文章，我也可以说听。从某种意义上说，我对教师的劝告也是相同的。我会说：认为什么教材都可以或任何语言都有用，这种想法是没有好处的。让学生没有掌握表达方法就依靠自己去表达他们的思想是无益的。在接近山顶时为学生们选择最佳的攀登路线仍然是你的责任，正像在山麓小丘处为他thebestpathtofollownearthetopofthemountainjustasitwastoproposeapracticableshort-cutawayfromthebeatentrackinthefoothills.Andifthepathyouchooseistooovergrowntomakefurtherprogress,thewholepartywillhavetogobackandyouwillhavetochooseanotherroute.Youarestillthepaidguideandexpertandthereisawaytothetopsomewhere.TheFifthFreedomMorethanthreecenturiesagoahandfulofpioneerscrossedtheoceantJamestownandPlymouthinsearchoffreedomstheywereunabletofindintheirowncountries,thefreedomsofwestillcherishtoday:freedomfromwant,freedomfromfear,freedomofspeech,freedomofreligion.Todaythedescendantsoftheearlysettlers,andthosewhohavejoinedthemsince,arefightingtoprotectthesefreedomsathomeandthroughouttheworld.们建议一条离开众人踏平的山路而又走的通的捷径曾是你的责任一样。如果你所选的路线荆棘丛生而难以举步，全队则需返回，而你就得另择佳途。你仍是花钱雇用的向导和专家，而在某个地方总能找到一条登顶之路。第五种自由三百多年前，少数早期拓荒者为了寻求在他们自己的祖国无法找到的自由，横渡大洋来到詹姆斯敦和普列茅斯。也是我们今天仍然格外珍惜的自由：免于匮乏的自由，免于恐惧的自由，言论自由以及宗教信仰的自由。如今这些拓荒者的后代以及后来加入其行列的人们仍然在美国国内和全世界为捍卫这些自由而战