2016高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题

Readingiseverything!英语考试大纲要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：（1）理解主旨和要义（2）理解文中具体信息（3）根据上下文推断生词的词义（4）作出判断和推理（5）理解文章的基本结构（6）理解作者的意图、观点和态度英语学科阅读理解高考说明主旨大意题（1）理解主旨和要义掌握主旨大意题的解题策略学习任务了解主旨大意题的设题方式学习任务一1)主题类•Themainideaofthepassageis…•Thepassageismainlyabout…•Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?•Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthemainideaofthepassage?2)目的类•Thepassageismeant/intendedto…•Thepurposeofthisarticleisto…3)标题类•Thebesttitleofthepassageis…利用主题句，快速把握段落、文章大意，是做好主旨大意题的重要技巧。学习任务二掌握定位主题句的方法LungcanceristheworstcancerkillerinAmerica.About160,440Americansdieeachyearfromit.Morethan87percentoflungcancersaresmokingrelated,accordingtotheLungCancerOrganization.Sample11、段首——开门见山，点出主题。语篇结构为：点出主题——围绕主题展开陈述、论证或说明_______________________________________________Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocratic(民主的)discussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedesignedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）段尾——详细论证，总结陈词。语篇结构为：表述细节——概括主题（归纳要点、得出结论、提出建议）_____________________________________________________________________Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）段中——引题过渡，导出主题。语篇结构为:“引题——主题思想——解释”或“提问——-回答——解释”。Sample3__________________________________________________________________4）首尾——首尾呼应，烘托主题Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterriblediseaseillness,cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?语篇结构为:提出主题——展开论述或说明——进一步引申或发展主题——————————————————————————————————主题句的位置1、段(文)首——开门见山，点出主题；2、段(文)尾——详细论证，总结陈词；3、段(文)中——引题过渡，导出主题;4、段(文)首尾—首尾呼应，烘托主题；学习任务三以该主题句中的“话题”为核心，把解释性的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组或短句。掌握提炼主题句的方法Sample某一文章的主题句为：Anadvertisingsloganistoabrandwhateyesaretoaperson.该主题句的话题是：解释性的词：由此拟定标题为：sloganistoabrandwhateyesaretoapersonSloganAndBrand.Coffeeisauniversaldrinkthatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.●Thebesttitleforthepassageshouldbe____.A.WaysofmakingcoffeeB.CoffeearoundtheworldC.AdviceonbuyingcoffeeD.Benefitsofdrinkingcoffee解题分析：该主题句的话题是：解释性的词：标题：【Practice1】Thetopicsentenceofapassage：isauniversaldrinkthatisservedindifferentwaysaroundtheworld.Coffee(2014山东)Areyoulazyaboutbrushingyourteeth?Neverfear:Aninventorisonthecase.Anelectrictoothbrush(inventedbyServal)senseshowlongandhowwellyoubrush…Servalsayshewasinspiredbyhisexperienceasafather.Hewouldcomehomefromworkandaskhiskidsiftheyhadbrushedtheirteeth.Theysaid“yes,”butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry.Hedecidedheneededabrushthatreallytoldhimhowwellhischildrenbrushed.●WhatisParagraph2mainlyabout?A.HowServalfoundouthiskidsliedtohim.B.What’sthemostimportantinvention.C.HowServaltaughthiskidstobrushtheirteeth.D.WhatinspiredServaltoinventthetoothbrush【Practice2】___________________________________________OnthesatellitedesignedbyDana,thereisaradarsystemthatwouldscanforandfindapieceofspacejunk.Then,thrusters(推进器)wouldchangethesatellite’sorbitsothatitcouldchasedowntheobject.Asthesatellitegotclosetothejunk,cameraswouldkeepitontarget.Atthelastminute,adoorthatleadstoabulletproof(防弹的)containerwouldopen,andthengetthejunkswallowed.Finally,whenthetrashcontainerwasfull,itwouldbeloweredtowardEarthonakilometers-longcableanditscontentsreleasedintotheupperatmosphere,wherethespacejunkwouldharmlesslyburnup.●Whatisthisparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howspacetrashcouldbeused.B.HowDanadesignedhersatellite.C.Howthesatellitewouldwork.D.Howthesatellitewouldbecreated.归纳无主题段或主题句的材料的方法学习任务四读懂各段落或各句主要讲了那几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以分析、归纳、推理，形成主题。【Practice3】●Thebesttitleforthisarticleis____.A.AstonishingMedicineB.FarmerLosesArmC.DangerousBitesD.SnakeDoctor以偏概全画蛇添足帽子太大学习任务五：主旨大意题选项的特点干扰项的特点1.画蛇添足:即文中根本没有提到，把自己的观点强加给作者以充当主题，或在文中找不到语言依据的信息。2.帽子太大:即选择的主题过于笼统，与细节脱节或文章缺乏充分的论证。3.以偏概全:即只抓住了主题的一个侧面或一句没有展开论述的句子而误认为是主题。正确选项的特点：不出现细节信息，不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词;概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻,贴切准确。Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?●Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Waysofexperimentingonsmoking.B.InformationaboutsmokingC.Smokingresultingincancer.D.Sideeffectsofsmoking.以偏概全帽子太大画蛇添足【Practice4】归纳小结一、主旨大意题的设题方式1.主题类2.目的类3.标题类二、定位主题句的方法1.段(文)首2.段(文)尾3.段(文)中4.段(文)首尾三、提炼主题句的方法以该主题句中的“话题”为核心，把解释性的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组或短句。四、归纳无主题段或主题句的材料的方法读懂各段落、各句主要讲了那几方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以分析、归纳、推理，形成主题。五、主旨大意题选项的特点巩固练习ABC