牛顿英文介绍 Newton

IsaacNewtonTJOslerSirIsaacNewton,FRSDecember1642–20March1727wasanEnglishphysicist,mathematician,astronomer,naturalphilosopher,alchemist,andtheologianandoneofthemostinfluentialmeninhumanhistory•InJune1661,hewasadmittedtoTrinityCollege,Cambridge•SoonafterNewtonhadobtainedhisdegreeinAugustof1665,theUniversitycloseddownasaprecautionagainsttheGreatPlague.•AlthoughhehadbeenundistinguishedasaCambridgestudent,[10]Newton'sprivatestudiesathishomeinWoolsthorpeoverthesubsequenttwoyearssawthedevelopmentofhistheoriesoncalculus,opticsandthelawofgravitation•In1667hereturnedtoCambridgeasafellowofTrinity.[11]Newtonshowedthatwhitelightiscomposedoflightofallcolors.Heusedaglassprismtoillustratethis.ElectromagneticSpectrumBinomialTheoremPascal’sTriangleNewton’sdiscoverykknnnnkn)1(3)2(2)1(1Newtoncouldnowapplythisformulatofractionalexponentskkk12143213221212112121Hecouldnowwritebinomialstofractionalexponentskkxkxx02/12/111AreplicaofaNewtonreflectingtelescopethathepresentedtotheRoyalSocietyin1672[15].CassagrainTelescopeImageofarefractingtelescopefromtheCincinnatiObservatoryin1848Woodcutillustrationofa45m(150ft)focallengthKeplerianastronomicalrefractingtelescopebuiltbyJohannesHevelius.FromhisbookMachinacoelestis(firstpart),publishedin1673.RobertHookeFRS(18July1635–3March1703)HookechallengedNewton’sideas.Newtonhadnostomachforcontroversy,sohestoppedshowinghisideas.EdmondHalleyFRS(8November1656–14January1742)wasanEnglishastronomer,geophysicist,mathematician,meteorologist,andphysicist.PlaqueinSouthCloisterofWestminsterAbbey•HalleytoldNewtonthatheandotherswereworkingonaproblem:•FindtheForceofAttractionbythesunthatwillcausetheplanetaryorbitstobeelliptical•Newtonrepliedthathehadsolvedthisproblemearlier.Thesolutionisaninversesquarelaw.•HalleythenurgedNewtontopublishthisandotherresults.Newton'sowncopyofhisPrincipia,withhand-writtencorrectionsforthesecondeditionAlthoughNewtonhadinventedthecalculusandusedittoderivemanyofhisresults,hechoosetowritethePrincipiaingeometriclanguage.Thisisbecausethemodernalgebraicformofanalysiswasnotyetseenasasuitableformforwritingmathematicalideas.Itwouldtakeanother50yearsbeforeanalysiswouldfinallyendthetyrannythatgeometricthinkingheldovermathematics.•Newton’sthreeUniversalLawsofMotiopnwereagiantfirstinthehistoryofscience.•Nothinglikethemhadbeenseenbefore.•BeforeNewton,menobservednatureandtriedtodescribenatureingeometric(mathematical)terms.•AfterNewton,weseekthefundamentallaws.Thenaparticularproblemissolvedbyusingmathematicswiththefundamentallaws.ApplicationofUniversalLawsFindtheverticalmotionofaparticlenearthesurfaceoftheearth,neglectingairfriction.InitialConditions:Whent=0,y=handv=dy/dt=v0UseSecondLaw:mgdtydmdtdvm22gdtdvdtgdvcgtvcgtv0t0vv0vgtv0vgtdtdydtvgtdy0dtvgtdy0cgtvInitialcondition1:When,dtvgtdy0ctvgty02210thyInitialCondition2:When,htvgty0221NewtonDerivesKepler’sLawofAreas•LinefromthesuntotheplanetsweepsoutequalareasinequaltimesGottfriedWilhelmLeibniz1July1646–14November1716)wasaGermanphilosopherandmathematicianControversyoverwhoinventedCalculus,NewtonorLeibniz?•TodaywebelievethatbothmenshouldsharethediscoveryIsaacNewtoninoldagein1712,portraitbySirJamesThornhill•Newtonenjoyedgreatfameinhisfinalyears•HewasrecognizedthroughoutEuropeasthemostoutstandingmathematician–scientistofhistime(ormaybealltime)NewtonstatueondisplayattheOxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistoryNewton'sgraveinWestminsterAbbeyNewton'sgraveinWestminsterAbbeyNewton'sgraveinWestminsterAbbey•Threateningmy[step-]fatherandmotherSmithtoburnthemandthehouseoverthem.--FromalistofhissinsmadebyIsaacNewtonatage19.•Platoismyfriend,Aristotleismyfriend,butmybestfriendistruth.--HeadofNewton'sQuaestionesQuaedamPhilosophicae(CertainPhilosophicalQuestions),ca.1664.•IknownotwhatIappeartotheworld,buttomyselfIseemtohavebeenonlylikeaboyplayingonthesea-shore,anddivertingmyselfinnowandthenfindingasmootherpebbleoraprettiershell,whilestthegreatoceanoftruthlayallundiscoveredbeforeme.--QuotedinDBrewster,MemoirsofNewton•NatureandNature'slawslayhidinnight;Godsaid,LetNewtonbe!andallwaslight.--AlexanderPope(Quotationsource: