高粱和大麦的营养特性及其应用万建美1高粱1.1营养特性(1)营养成分含量与玉米相似,淀粉含量可高达70%以上;(2)CP含量略高于玉米,9-13%,变异大;(3)脂肪含量略低于玉米;(4)缺乏黄色素,70%以上的磷为植酸磷。(5)分为5大类描述:混合型、高单宁、低单宁、红高粱、白高粱1.2使用中潜在的限制因素1.2.1单宁单宁影响肠道上皮细胞中依赖钠离子的物质转运系统,如葡萄糖转运系统和Na,K-ATPase活性,干扰机体钠的代谢。家禽:影响生长速度、产蛋率、损伤肠道上皮,影响蛋白质吸收;猪:影响采食量和生长速度,高、低单宁品种饲喂时料比相差可达5-10%;反刍:基本无负作用,并在一定程度上防止胀气,增加过瘤胃蛋白;美国、欧洲、澳大利亚主要种植低单宁品种(约占产量的99%)。1.2.2高粱醇溶蛋白高粱醇溶蛋白可点高粱总蛋白含量的50%以上,有α、β和γ三种类型。高粱醇溶蛋白含量高的高粱,硬度也比较高。高硬度的高粱氨基酸消化和淀粉消化率也比较低(淀粉颗粒外包裹的高粱醇溶蛋白影响淀粉的糊化和淀粉酶的作用)。1.2.3植酸植酸在酸性的胃肠环境下易与带正电的蛋白质形成蛋白质-植酸盐复合物,影响蛋白质的消化。1.2.4霉菌毒素:麦角碱麦角菌硬粒达1-20%,母猪可能拒食或泌乳减少;家禽,麦角菌硬粒小于1.25%可能无影响。1.3饲喂价值配方单宁总含量不高于0.2%时,对动物几乎无不良影响;1.3.1猪氨基酸消化率比玉米低,但配方中用量无明显限制,根据市场接受度使用,低单宁用量可高达60-70%,高单宁高粱用量10-20%。1.3.2禽低单宁品种用量上无明显限制,高单宁用量限制与猪料类似。1.3.3缓减单宁负面效应的方法倍半碳酸钠、碳酸钾、尿素或氧化钙高温预处理;增加氨基酸的水平,0.15%的蛋氨酸或(胆碱+蛋氨酸)。配合使用植酸酸和蛋白酶。饲粮中添加碳酸钾或小苏打0.25%。2大麦大麦分裸大麦和皮大麦。前者主要用于生产人用食品,饲料用大麦通常为皮大麦。2.1营养特性(1)淀粉含量高,约60%DM(55-63%),略低于玉米和小麦;(2)蛋白含量9.5-13%DM;(3)纤维含量高,CF4-6%,ADF5-7%,NDF18-24%;(4)品种多,营养特性差异大:高蛋白品种、低植酸品种、高支链淀粉品种、高直链淀粉品种、碏质品种(β-葡聚糖含量高)。饲料用主要是皮大麦,裸大麦主要做食品。2.2使用中潜在的限制因素(1)有芒品种:芒未清理干净时易造成家禽、牛等动物的胃炎;(2)霉菌毒素:湿热条件下大麦易得赤霉病,呕吐毒素(DON)污染风险较高,USDA规定限量10ppm;(3)戊聚糖:β-葡聚糖含量高(通常4-7%),粪便粘湿,肉鸡足垫或胸肉损伤,蛋鸡脏蛋率增加。要考虑酶制剂的合理使用。(4)皮大麦用量大时,水泡料表面会有明显的漂浮物。2.3饲用价值2.3.1猪料注意呕吐毒素;适口性好,氨基酸、磷的消化率较佳;仔猪料中用量10-25%,中大猪用量小于40%。2.3.2禽料幼禽料中长期使用影响生长,粪便湿,垫料湿,用量10%(加酶30%)。非幼禽料中用量达20-30%不影响生长,但用量达20%或以上时影响垫料质量(粪便湿);蛋禽中使用,可能增加脏蛋率,注意酶制剂的应用。3高粱和大麦主要营养成分价值表表1高粱主要营养成分价值表(第1部分)高粱(混合)高粱(高单宁)主要养分单位平均SD最小最大样本数AvgSDMinMaxNb干物质%asfed87.42.18393.6163488.6285.89340粗蛋白%DM10.81.18.114.3164810.218.612.543粗纤维%DM2.80.61.74.67003.70.82.54.842NDF%DM111.77.814.78612.21.910.614.76ADF%DM4.31.12.77.1866.424.39.36木质素%DM1.10.60.32.91042.91EE%DM3.40.42.44.45523.60.33.24.139灰分%DM2.10.91.36.67771.80.31.42.433淀粉(旋光法)%DM74.51.969.878.773672.868.776.82总糖%DM1.40.50.72.4701.11总能MJ/kgDM18.80.518.320.18618.90.618.620.525矿物元素UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb钙g/kgDM0.30.20.10.91810.50.20.30.926总磷g/kgDM3.30.42.64.32293.40.42.74.127钾g/kgDM4.30.62.85.372钠g/kgDM0.20.100.423镁镁g/kgDM1.80.41.12.5972.40.222.723锰mg/kgDM1248171671锌mg/kgDM247143818171铜mg/kgDM543171931铁mg/kgDM1201452449711241氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb丙氨酸%protein90.58.29.9538.70.48.49.23精氨酸%protein40.43.34.7634.20.53.54.98天冬氨酸%protein6.90.467.6536.90.56.67.43胱氨酸%protein1.90.31.42.5521.60.11.41.87谷氨酸%protein20.9118.222.65321.10.620.621.83甘氨酸%protein3.20.32.73.7613.20.42.749组氨酸%protein2.30.21.92.5572.30.21.92.69异亮氨酸%protein40.33.54.56840.43.14.511亮氨酸%protein13.30.811.614.56613.70.512.914.59赖氨酸%protein2.20.21.82.7832.20.21.82.611蛋氨酸%protein1.70.21.32591.50.21.31.910苯丙氨酸%protein5.30.34.65.7615.50.355.99辅氨酸%protein8.40.76.29.5396.72.15.39.13丝氨酸%protein4.50.245584.60.445.29苏氨酸%protein3.30.22.93.7683.30.23.13.711色氨酸%protein10.10.81.2351.20.60.81.83酪氨酸%protein40.33.34.4504.20.43.54.89缬氨酸%protein4.90.34.45.5575.10.64.467次级代谢物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb单宁(游离)g/kgDM1.71.10.1638613.97.72.129.99单宁(缩合)g/kgDM28.631.40.11105955.731.32212133反刍动物UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbOM消化率%884.779.491586.2能量消化率%85.44.278.588.2483.7DEMJ/kgDM1615.8MEMJ/kgDM13.5112.114.6413.3N消化率%68.466.8a(N)%41.21b(N)%58.81c(N)h-10.0391氮降解率(有效,K=4%)%70氮降解率(有效,K=6%)%6443642猪UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb能量消化率,生长猪%85.74.376.691.91484.33.376.685.96DE,生长猪MJ/kgDM16.10.814.516.81615.90.614.516.16Men,生长猪MJ/kgDM15.70.315.516.3515.5NE,生长猪MJ/kgDM12.512.3氮消化率%70.67.758.586.41563.53.358.568.76家禽UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAMEn,成年公鸡MJ/kgDM1615.7AMEn,肉鸡MJ/kgDM15.714.415.7215.4兔UnitAvgSDMinMaxNb能量消化率%77.7DEMJ/kgDM14.61MenMJ/kgDM14.2表2高粱主要营养成分价值表(第2部分)高粱(低单宁)红高粱白高粱主要养分单位AvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb干物质%asfed87.40.785.389.34289.82.985.193.91690.7285.493.720粗蛋白%DM11.80.810.3132210.71.98.715.91811.21.19.513.622粗纤维%DM2.20.21.92.4213.10.81.94.8172.90.81.84.222NDF%DM9.618.2118102.17.41359.62.17.3136ADF%DM4.20.14.14.333.50.72.74.863.10.62.64.26木质素%DM1.91.81.920.50.20.40.850.60.50.21.66EE%DM3.60.23.13.8183.50.42.94.4183.80.62.6521灰分%DM1.60.31.22.2101.90.31.42.61820.41.52.922淀粉(旋光法)%DM73.41.270.675.415751.772.977574.92.671.578.27总糖%DM10.10.71.1150.80.10.70.841.10.50.71.75总能MJ/kgDM18.90.218.419.31318.918.419.1218.90.618.319.64矿物元素UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb钙g/kgDM0.20.10.20.330.30.10.10.4120.30.10.20.518总磷g/kgDM2.80.72.23.643.80.635134.10.53.44.918钾g/kgDM3.63.63.624.60.83.15.7104.40.92.45.315钠g/kgDM0.40.40.420.210.31镁镁g/kgDM1.111.121.70.31.32.3101.90.412.517锰mg/kgDM1513830399102118142锌mg/kgDM17414213241341铜mg/kgDM313433131铁mg/kgDM701801791氨基酸UnitAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNbAvgSDMinMaxNb丙氨酸%protein8.60.58.29.658.80.68.29.658.80.58.39.65精氨酸%protein3.90.23.64.163.60.52.94.253.50.72.24.15天冬氨酸%protein6.50.466.956.50.35.96.856.40.35.96.75胱氨酸%protein1.80.31.62.341.90.41.62.551.70.41.32.35谷氨酸%protein20.31.318.721.7519.91.118.221.25200.918.8215甘氨酸%protein30.32.83.553.10.22.83.3530.22.73.25组氨酸%protein2.40.22.32.762.10.41.62.4420.51.52.74异亮氨酸%protein3.70.62.34.173.80.33.64.253.70.23.54.15亮氨酸%protein12.41.110.113.4712.20.411.812.9512.30.611.713.15赖氨酸%protein2.20.222.582.20.222.552.20.12.12.55蛋氨酸%protein1.70.21.51.981.90.21.6251.70.21.425苯丙氨酸%protein