日本室内空气质量标准indoor-air-standards-in-japan-for-health

1IndoorAirStandardsinJapanforHealthyEnvironmentYoshikaSekineSchoolofScience,TokaiUniversity,JapanSimonWattsBMS,OxfordBrookesUniversity,UK2Doyouthink?*TheLastSamurai,WarnerBros.,2003**Sayuri,ColumbiaPicturesIndustry,2005SAMURAIGEISHA***3ModernJapanEconomicpowerbasedonHigh-techWesternstylebuildings4WhyJapanesecompaniesaresogoodatmakingmicrochips?„M.Cross,NewScientist(1990)„“…animportantreasonforJapan’sdominationoftheelectronicsmarketisthatitspeoplehaveabuilt-in“clean-room”mentality.Itcomesfromthecustomofchangingshoeswhensteppingintoanotherroom.”5JapaneseclimateJapaneseclimate051015202530123456789101112MonthTemperature(℃)20304050607080Relativehumidity(%)Temp.RH6SHOSO-INTreasureHouseAneighthcenturybuildingspeciallyconstructedtopreventthenaturaldamagecausedbyJapanesedampclimate.Theraisedfloorstructureensuressufficientventilationunderneathtokeeptheinsidedry.7Raisedfloorstructureinmodernhouse“CleanRoom”mentality**8“SickHouseSyndrome”„“SickBuildingSyndrome”„Majorityofpatients:housewivesandchildreninnewly-builthouses„Typicalairpollutants-Formaldehyde(HCHO)-VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)„Whyithappenedinahouseandinvitedagreatsocialconcern?9Renewalcycleofhouse141103867930050100150UKUSAFrGerJRenewalcycle(year)Renewalcycle=No.ofpresenthouses/No.ofnewly-builthousesperyear10IndoorairpollutionbychemicalsJapanesehouseChemicalintoleranceIndoorairpollutionUseofchemicalsLargesupplyofhousesAir-tightSavingenergyAirchangerate0.2/hVolatilizationofchemicals1970s～1990s～11CaseofavictiminTokyo„Middleagedsinglewoman„InApr.1999,movingtoanewlybuiltapartmenthouseinTokyo„Healthdisorder-eyemucus,throatpain,bronchusirritation,headache,unpleasantfeelingwithmuscles,diarrhea,fatigueandfailureofmemory„Part-timelibrarianofahospital„InMar.2000,diagnosisathospital-MultipleChemicalSensitivity12MultipleChemicalSensitivity„Medicallyunexplainedsymptom-differentfromallergy,acutepoisoning„Damageonnervesystemetc.„Repeatedandintermittentexposuretochemicals(non-specificstructure,property)„Cross-sensitization-drugs,physicalorpsychologicalstress„InthecaseofSickHouseSyndrome,mostpatientshavebeenforcedtomovetoanotheroldhouseorreplacebuildingmaterials,sometimesattheirexpense.13Effortsofreductionofchemicals（２）炭入り枕BamboocharcoalPillowfilledwithcharcoalPlantsAircleanersDoorwithairpathwayPassivesampler14Concentrationofformaldehyde19992002guideline00.050.10.150.20.2526Sep.7Oct.12Oct.12Mar.18May21Aug.15Oct.HCHOconc.（ppm)051015202530Roomtemperature（℃）15Nation-widesurvey„QuestionnairestudyforJapanese4,000adults(age20)(Uchiyama,2003)„QuickEnvironmentalExposureandSensitivityInventory(QEESI)-developedbyC.Miller(1998)„Results-respondents:2,851-suspectedaschemicalsensitivity:0.74%„Underestimate?-children:moresensitivetochemicals16Governmentalcountermeasures„SettingIndoorAirQualityGuidelinesofChemicals(since1997)„Emissioncontrolandinstallationofventilationsystem-StandardBuildingLaw,2003„Monitoringofindoorairconcentrationsofchemicalsinnewly-builthouses-HousingQualityAssuranceLaw,2002formaldehydeinbuildingsandschool-BuildingSanitationLaw,200217IndoorAirQualityGuidelines-MinistryofHealth,LabourandWelfare,JapandatechemicalsCAS　No.concnetration1997.6formaldehyde50-00-0100µg／m3（0.08ppm）2000.6toluene108-88-3260µg／m3（0.07ppm）xylene1330-20-7870µg／m3（0.20ppm）p-dichlorobenzene106-46-7240µg／m3（0.04ppm）2000.12ethylbenzene100-41-43800µg／m3（0.88ppm）styrene100-42-5220µg／m3（0.05ppm）chlorpyriphos2921-88-21µg／m3（0.07ppb）0.1µg／m3（0.007ppb）forinfantdi-n-butylphthalate84-74-2220µg／m3（0.02ppm）TVOC400µg／m3*2001.7.5tetradecane629-59-4330µg／m3（0.04ppm）di-2-ethylhexylphthalate84-66-2120µg／m3（7.6ppb）diazinone33-41-50.29µg／m3（0.02ppb）nonanal124-19-641µg／m3（7.0ppb）*2002.1acetaldehyde75-07-048µg／m3（0.03ppm）fenobucarb3766-81-233µg／m3（3.8ppb）():covertedat25degC,*Draftvalue18Formaldehyde(HCHO)„Emissionsourceadhesivesusedfor-plywood,MDF,particleboard,-vinylwallpaper„IndoorconcentrationsSurveyfor4,600housingunitsin2000(byMLIT)-average0.071ppm-27.3%oftheunitstheguidelinePlywoodusedforflooring19TheamendedBuildingStandardLaw„EnforcedinJuly,2003„Appliedtoeveryhabitableroomofallbuildings„RegulationonChlorpyrifos-TheuseofChlorpyrifosisbanned„RegulationofFormaldehyde(HCHO)-AreasizeofHCHO-emittingmaterialsusedforinteriorfinishingisrestricted-Installationof24h-ventilationsystemismandatorytokeep0.5ACH20HCHO-emittingmaterialsFormaldehydeemittingbuildingmaterialsEmissionrateRestrictionsoninteriorfinishingmaterialsType4upto5µg/m2hNorestrictionsType35～20µg/m2hLimitedareaType220～120µg/m2hType1over120µg/m2hProhibitedDeterminedbyasmallchambermethod(JISA1901,2003)21HousingQualityAssuranceLaw-MinistryofLand,InfrastructureandTransport„IAQ:Oneofthehousingperformance„MeasurementofindoorconcentrationsincludedinfieldsoftheHousingPerformanceIndicationSystem„Byrequestofthehousepurchaser,housebuildershavetomakeamonitoringofindoorairconc.ofchemicalsinanewly-builthouse.„Sampling&analyticalmethods:StandardprotocolpreparedbyMOHLW22MonitoringofChemicals„Targetsubstances;formaldehydetoluene,xylene,styreneandet