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Practicetest7SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.WhyMenandWomenCan’tCommunicatebyDeborahTannenA)Amanandawomanwereseatedinacarthathadbeencirclingthesameareaforahalfhour.Thewomanwassaying,“Whydon’twejustasksomeone?”Themanwassaying,notforthefirsttime,“I’msureit’saroundheresomewhere.I’lljusttrythisstreet.”B)Whyaresomanymenreluctanttoaskdirections?Whyaren’twomen?Andwhycan’twomenunderstandwhymendon’twanttoask?Theexplanation,forthisandforcountlessminorandmajorfrustrationsthatwomenandmenencounterwhentheytalktoeachother,liesinthedifferentwaysthattheyuselanguage—differencesthatbeginwithhowgirlsandboysuselanguageaschildren,growingupindifferentworlds.C)Anthropologists,sociologistsandpsychologistshavefoundthatlittlegirlsplayinsmallgroupsorinpairs;theyhaveabestfriend,withwhomtheyspendalotoftimetalking.It’sthetellingofsecretsthatmakesthembestfriends.Theylearntouselanguagetonegotiateintimacy—tomakeconnectionsandfeelclosetoeachother.Boys,ontheotherhand,tendtoplaycompetitivegamesinlargergroups,whicharehierarchical.High-statusboysgiveorders,andlow-statusboysarepushedaround.Soboyslearntouselanguagetopreserveindependenceandnegotiatetheirstatus,tryingtoholdcenterstage,challengeandresistchallenges,displayknowledgeandverbalskill.D)Thesedivergent(有分歧的)assumptionsaboutthepurposeoflanguagepersistintoadulthood,wheretheylieinwaitbehindcross-genderconversations,readytoleapoutandcausepuzzlementorgrief.Inthecaseofaskingfordirections,thesameinterchangeisexperienceddifferentlybywomenandmen.Fromawoman’sperspective,youaskforhelp,yougetit,andyougettowhereyou’regoing.Afleetingconnectionismadewithastranger,whichisfundamentallypleasant.Butamanisawarethatbyadmittingignoranceandaskingforinformation,hepositionshimselfone-downtosomeoneelse.Farfrompleasant,thisishumiliating.Soitmakessenseforhimtopreservehisindependenceandself-esteematthecostofalittleextratraveltime.E)Hereisanotherscenefromthedramaofthedifferencesinmen’sandwomen’swaysoftalking.Awomanandamanreturnhomefromwork.Shetellseverythingthathappenedduringtheday:whatshedid,whomshemet,whattheysaid,whatthatmadeherthink.Thensheturnstohimandasks,“Howwasyourday?”Hesays,“Sameoldratrace.”Shefeelslockedout:“Youdon’ttellmeanything.”Heprotests,“Nothinghappenedatwork.”Theyhavedifferentassumptionsaboutwhat’s“anything”totell.Toher,tellinglife’sdailyeventsandimpressionsmeansshe’snotaloneintheworld.Suchtalkistheessenceofintimacy—evidencethatsheandherpartnerarebestfriends.Sinceheneverspenttimetalkinginthiswaywithhisfriends,bestorotherwise,hedoesn’texpectit,doesn’tknowhowtodoit,anddoesn’tmissitwhenitisn’tthere.F)Anothersourceofmutualfrustrationisthedifferenceinwomen’sandmen’sassumptionsabout“troublestalk.”Shebeginstotalkaboutaproblem;heoffersasolution;shedismissesit,withpique（赌气）.Hefeelsfrustrated:“Shecomplains,butshedoesn’twanttodoanythingtosolveherproblems.”Indeed,whatshewantstodoaboutitistalk.Sheisfrustratedbecausehissolutioncutsshortthediscussion,andimpliessheshouldn’tbewastingtimetalkingaboutit.G)Thefemalesearchforconnectionandthemaleconcernwithhierarchyisevidenthere,too.Whenawomantellsanotherwomanaboutaproblem,herfriendtypicallyexplorestheproblem(“Andthenwhatdidhesay?”“Whatdoyouthinkyoumightdo?”);expressesunderstanding(“Iknowhowyoufeel”);oroffersasimilarexperience(“It’slikethetimeI……)Alltheseresponsesexpresssupportandbringthemcloser.Butofferingasolutionpositionstheproblem-solverasone-up.Thisasymmetry(非对称)isdistancing,justtheoppositeofwhatshewasafterinbringingupthediscussion.H)Asimilarmismatchofexpectationsoccurswhenawomancomplainsaboutherboss,andamantriestobehelpfulbyexplainingtheboss’pointofview.Sheperceivesthisasanattack,andalackofloyaltytoher.Onemantoldme,incredulously,“Mygirlfriendjustwantstotalkaboutherpointofview.”Hefeelsthatofferingopposingviewsisobviouslyamoreconstructiveconversationalcontribution.Butconversationsamongwomenareusuallycharacterizedbymutualsupportandexploration.Alternativeviewsmaybeintroduced,buttheyarephrasedassuggestionsandquestions,notasdirectchallenges.Thisisoneofthemanywaysthatmenvalueoppositionalstances,whereaswomenvalueharmoniousones.I)Awomanwashurtwhensheheardherhusbandtellingtheguestsatadinnerpartyaboutanincidentinvolvinghisbossthathehadn’ttoldher.Shefeltthisprovedthathehadn’tbeenhonestwhenhe’dsaidnothinghappenedatwork.Buthedidn’tthinkofthisexperienceasastorytotelluntilheneededtocomeupwithmaterialtoputhimselfforwardatthedinnerparty.J)Thus,itisn’tthatwomenalwaystalkmore,whilemenaretaciturn(沉默寡言的)andsuccinct(简约的).Womentalkmoreathome,sincetalk,forthem,isawayofcreatingintimacy.Sincemenregardtalkasameanstonegotiatestatus,theyoftenseenoneedtotalkathome.Buttheytalkmorein“public”situationswithpeopletheyknowlesswell.Atameeting,whenquestionsaresolicited(要求)fromthefloor,itisalmostalwaysamanwhospeaks