unit1 Great Scientists

Unit1GreatScientistsReadingScientists:AlexanderBellelectricityThomasEdisontheFirsttelephoneWrightBrotherstheelectricLampMadameCurieblackholesinUniverseFranklinTheoryofGravityStevenHawkingtheFirstPlaneElbertEinsteinRadiumIsaacNewtontheTheoryofRelativityScientists&Contributions:Archimedes(阿基米德)Warmingup:1.Whichscientistdiscoveredthatobjectsinwaterareliftedupbyaforcethathelpsthemfloat?AncientGreek(287-212BC)AmathematicianCharlesDarwin2.Whowroteabookexplaininghowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged?theOriginofSpeciesWarmingup:“fatherofmodernbiology”3.Whoinventedthefirststeamengine?ThomasNewcomen,British(1663--1729)HeimprovedthefirststeampumpbuiltbyThomasSaveryin1698andturneditintoasteamenginefortakingwateroutofminesin1712.JamesWattimproveditstillfurtherinthe1770sThomasNewcomenWarmingup:GregorMendel,Czech(1822-1884)Hegrewpeaplantsanddevelopedideasonheredity(遗传学)andinherited(继承,承传)characteristics.Between1856--1863hegrew28,000peaplants.GregorMendel4.Whousedpeastoshowhowphysicalcharacteristicsarepassedfromparentstotheirchildren?Warmingup:MarieCurieWarmingup:5.Whodiscoveredradium?6.WhoinventedthewayofgivingelectricitytoeverybodyIlargecities?ThomasEdisonLeonardodaVinci7.Whowasthepainterthatstudieddeadbodiestoimprovehispaintingofpeople?Warmingup:SirHumphryDavy,British(1778-1829)Hedidresearchintodifferentgasesanddiscoveredthemedicinalvalueofnitrous(含氮的)oxide(氧化物)(orlaughinggas)asananaesthetic(麻醉剂).In1815hedevelopedasafetylampforminers.HumphryDavy8.Whoinventedalamptokeepminerssafeunderground?Warmingup:ZhangHeng,Chinese(78-139)Heinventedthefirstseismograph(测震仪、地震仪)toindicateinthedirectionofanearthquake.Itwasintheshapeofacylinder(圆筒形)witheightdragonheadsroundthetop,eachwithaballinitsmouth.9.Whoinventedtheearliestinstrumenttotellpeoplewhereearthquakeshappened?Warmingup:seismographStephenHawking,British(1942--)Hehasworkedinastronomyandstudiedblackholesinspace.Hehasshownthatblackholesdonotonlyabsorbeverythingaroundthembut,fromtimetotime,throwoutmatteraswell.10.Whoputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes?Warmingup:Pre-reading:infectiousdiseases:Theycanbespreadtootherpeople.Theyhaveanunknowncause.Theyaredifficulttocure.Theyneedpublichealthcaretosolvethem.Pre-reading:Skimming::Whowasthegreatscientistinthepassageandwhatwasthedeadlydiseaseofitsday?•JohnSnow•choleraCholera:Itbeginsinthestomachandaseverecasecanleadtodeathwithoutimmediatetreatment.Andthevictimsdiedveryquicklyfromalossofliquidafterseverevomiting(呕吐)anddiarrhoea(腹泻).CarefulReading:JohnSnowwasandoctorinLondonwhoQueenVictoriaasherpersonal.Hethoughtabouthelpingordinarypeopletocholera.Thoughthecauseandtheofitwereunknown,hewantedtofacetheandsolvetheproblem.expertattendedphysicianexposedcurechallengeCarefulReading:1.Whatwerethetwotheoriesaboutthecauseofcholera?2.WhichdidJohnSnowwanttoprove?3.Whatwashismethodofdoingtheresearch?…multiplied……victims……absorb…Thesecondone.Togatherinformationintwoparticularstreets.CarefulReading:1.Whatdidhedowiththeresultsofhisenquiry?2.Whatvaluablecluedidhegetaboutthecauseofthedisease?3.Whatmightbethecause?Markedonamap…Manyofthedeaths……hadnodeaths.Itseemedthatthewaterwastoblameforcholera.ManyofthedeathswerenearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet.deathPartofSnow’sCholeraMapCarefulReading:1.Whydidhetellpeopletoremovethehandlefromthepump?2.Whathappenedafterthehandlewasremoved?Sothat……sloweddownCarefulReading:1.Wheredidthewomanliveandwhatdidshehaddeliveredtoherhouseeveryday?2.Whatdidtheirdeathssuggest?3.WhatmeasuresdidJohnSnowtaketopreventthediseasefromspreading?AwayfromBroadStreetWaterfromthepumpThepollutedwatercarriedthevirus..suggestedthat…beexamined…wereinstructednottoexpose…to…Findthemainideaofeachparagraph:1.Thecausesofcholera2.Thecorrectorpossibletheory3.Collectdataonthosewherepeoplewereillanddiedandwheretheygottheirwater4.Plotinformationonamaptofindoutwherepeoplediedordidnotdie5.Analysethewatertoseeifthatisthecauseoftheillness.6.Findotherevidencestoconfirmhisconclusion7.ThepolluteddirtysourceofdrinkingwaterwastoblameforthecauseoftheLondoncholera.CarefulReading:drawaconclusionThinkofamethodCollectresultsMakeaquestionFindaproblemAnalysetheresultsFindsupportingevidence①③②④⑤⑥⑦Stagesinsettingoutanewscientificidea:Dicussing1.Readthetextandlearnthenewwordsbyheart2.FindmoreinformationaboutcholeraandJohnSnowontheInternet.Homework: