英美概况课件 1 British education

BritishEducationSystemBritishEducationSystem◆Introduction◆History◆ThePresentEducationSystem◆HigherEducatinIntroductionPurposeNotonlyprovidechildrenwithLiteracyandtheotherbasicskillsbutalsosocializechildren.StateInterferenceheavilyinvolvedindecidingwhen,where,howandwhatchildrenaretaught,butverycontroversialEndureingFeaturethecontinuingdebateoverhow”equal”educationalopportunityshouldbe.HistoryHistorically,educationwasvoluntaryandmanyoftheschoolsweresetupbychurches.TheinfluenceoftheChurchonschoolingisstrong.Religiouseducation:Christianity/Catholic/IslamBefore1870,only40%ofchildrenunder10wenttoschoolregulary.In1870thegovernmentpassedalawcalledgovernment-foundededucationBy1880,attendanceatschoolforchildrenbetween5and10wascompulsory.In1944,EducationActmadeentrytosecondaryschoolsanduniversities“meritocratic”Inthe1960scomprehensiveschoolswereintroducedalloverthecountry.Sowerevocationalschoolsforlesssuccessfulpupils.Entranceexamswereabolishedandchikderenconldn’t“complete”forplacesin1989,NationalCurriculumwereintroduced,whichcontainedEnglish,mathematics,science,religiouseducation,history,geography,technology,music,art,PE,andamodernforeignlanguage.Pupilsmustpassnationaltests.Allteachersaretoldwhattoteachratherthandecidethemselvesonwhattodoandschoolsarerankedaccordingtothesuccessoftheirpupilsinreachingnationaltargetsaswellasteachersperformoftheirtasks.•TodaytheBritisheducationsystemisrunbythestate.,whichprovidesfunding,overseesstandards,andtriestomakesurethatallBritishchildrenreceiveaqualityeducation.thelargestdepartmentisMinistryofEducationThePresentEducationsystemCompulsoryFreeChoicesStateSchools―foundedbylocalandcentralgovernmentPrivateschools(independentschools)―foundedbyprivatesectorandtuitionrates,withsomegovernmentassistance.NurserySchools―manyfacilitiesareprovidedbyprivateenterprise.Governmentprovidessomefinancialsupport.PrimarySchools(co-educational/mixedschools)―statesectorSecondarySchools•Compregensiveschools(90%)―admitchildrenwithoutreferencetotheiracademicabilities;providgeneraleducation.Pupilscanstudyeverythingfromacademicsubjecttomorepracticalsubjects.•Grammarschools―selectchildrenAttheage11,throughanexaminationcalled“the11-plus”.Thosechildrenwiththehighestmarksgotogrammarschools.Theseschoolslayemphasisonadvancedacademicsubjectsratherthanthemoregeneralcurriculumofthecomprehensiveschoolsandexpectmanyoftheirpipilstogoontouniversities.•GCSE―GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducationEnglish,NorthernIrishandWelshstudentssittheirGCSEsafter5yearsofsecondaryeducation.•GCEA―GeneralCertificateofEducation-AdvancedPupilswhowanttogotouniversitywilltaketheexam.Theytrytoachieve3or4A-levelsinthesubjectstheyaremostproficientat.•GNVQ―GeneralNationalVocationalQualificationsIt‘sequivalentofA-levels.Pupilswhodecidenottouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltraining.HigherEducatinStateUniversitiesexcepttheUniversityofBuckinghamLongHistoey•OxfordandCambridgedatefromthe12thand13thcenturyStAndrews,•Glasgow,EdinburghandAberdeenfromthe14thand15thcentury.Therestin19thand20thcentury•Inthe1960stherewasalargeexpansion,manynewuniversitieswerebuilt.•In1992thenumbergrewagainwhenpolytechnicsandotherhighereducationestablishmentsweregiventherighttobecomeuniversities•By1994,83universitiesFeaturesofUniversities•Studentsofdifferentagesandnationalitiesstudymanydifferentthings.•Universitieshavetraditionallybeenratherelitistaswellasincreasethenumbersofandkindsofpeoplethatpursuehighereducation.TheOpenUniversity―foundedinthe1960’sforpeoplewhomightnotgettheopportunityforhighereducarionforeconomicandsocialreasons.It’sopentoeverybodyanddoesn’tdemandthesameformaleducationalqualificationsastheotheruniversities.UniversitiescoursesarefollowingthroughTV,correspondence,videosandanetworkofstudycenters.AththeendoftheirstudiesattheOpenUniversity,successfulstudentsareawardedauniversitydegree.UniversitiesintheUK•Oxford牛津大学•oxfordisauniqueandhistoricinstitution.•studentstheuniversityofoxford'stotalstudentpopulationnumbersjustover16,100(studentsinresidence,1998-9).almostaquarterofthesestudentsarefromoverseas,includingthecountriesoftheeuropeanunion.•morethan130nationalitiesarerepresentedamongourstudentbody.almost5,000studentsareengagedinpostgraduatework.ofthese,around3,000areworkingintheartsandhumanities.•staff•oxford'scurrentacademiccommunityincludes76fellowsoftheroyalsocietyand105fellowsofthebritishacademy.afurther97emeritusandhonorarycollegefellowsarealsofellowsofthebritishacademy,and142emeritusandhonorarycollegefellowsarefellowsoftheroyalsociety.•牛津产生了4位英国国王，46位诺贝尔奖获得者，25位英国首相，3位圣人，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。•TOEFL600分，IELTS7.5分申请期限：10月15日基本学费：每年6489英镑实验类课程8652英镑学院费：本科生3235英镑，研究生1650英镑cambridge•TheUniversityofCambridgeisoneoftheoldestuniversitiesintheworld,andoneofthelargestintheUnitedKingdom.Ithasaworld-widereputationforoutstandingacademicachievementandthehighqualityofresearchundertakeninawiderangeofscienceandartssubjects.TheUniversitypioneersworkintheunderstandingofdisease,thecreationofnewmaterials,advancesintelecommunicationsandresearchintotheoriginsoftheuni