英译汉3 diction

DictionDiction:theproperchoiceofwordsandphrasesintranslationonthebasisofaccuratecomprehensionoftheoriginal.Anotedlinguistsaid,“themeaningofawordisitsuseinthelanguageandeachword,whenusedinanewcontext,isanewword.”Forexample,Story故事？1)Theplayisreallyalovestory.2)Thiswarisbecomingthemostimportantstoryofthisgeneration.3)Somereporterswhowerenotincludedinthemeetingbrokethestory.4)ThestoryabouthimbecamesmallerandbyandbyfadedoutfromtheAmericanTV.5)Don’ttellstoriesagain,Tom.Idon’tbelieveyourstories.6)Itisquiteanotherstorynow.(1故事，2事件，3内情，4报道，5谎言，6情况）Awordindifferentcollocationsorcontext:Example:HelikesmathematicsmorethanEnglish.他喜欢数学胜于喜欢英语。他比英语更喜欢数学。Likechargesrepel;unlikechargesattract.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。Likeknowslike.英雄识英雄。Thetwopicturesareverylike.Likeattractslike.物以类聚。Likecureslike.以毒攻毒。Likeforlike.以牙还牙。Heavysmokinggreatlyincreasedtheprobabilityofgettinglungcancer.抽烟过多会大大增加患肺癌的可能性。Avoidanceofheavyfoodisveryimportantforthepatientswithpepticulcer.对消化性溃疡病人来说，重要的是避免进食难消化的食物。1.Correspondenceatwordlevel(1)word-for-wordcorrespondenceeg.laser激光;aspirin阿斯匹林(2)one---multipleequivalentsofthesamemeaningwife:妻子，爱人，夫人，老婆，老伴，媳妇，堂客，内人，贱内potato:马铃薯，洋芋，土豆、山药蛋人：humanbeing,man,people,person犬：dog,hound,pointer(猎犬),puppy(幼犬)(3)oneword----severalequivalentsofdifferentmeaningscousin:堂兄，堂弟，表姐，表妹，堂姐，堂妹…president：总统，总裁，主席，董事长，会长，校长，院长…Carry:搬，运，提，拎，挑，担，搂，抱，举，端，夹…笑：smile,giggle(傻笑),laugh,ridicule,deride（讥笑）,guffaw(laughveryloudly)狂笑，哄笑走：walk,saunter闲逛,stride,trudge跋涉,amble蹒跚（4）wordswithoutequivalents阴:thesoftinactivefemaleprincipleorforceintheworldTeenagers：13至19岁clock-watcher:老是看钟等下班的人alibi:不在犯罪现场的证据Yellowpublications:品位较低的出版物pornography2.Choiceofthemeanings1)Judgingfromthepartofspeech:A.“round”Thereareseveralroundtablesinthedinning-room.(adj.圆的)Comeroundandseemetomorrow.(adv.到某处)Hehadatourroundtheworld.(prep.在---周围)Sheroundeduptheboys.(v.集合)Onemoreexample:“but”Heknowssomemethodsbuthedoesn’tknowhowtoapplythem.（连词，但是）Therearenobutsaboutit.（名词）Thewordoccursinthelastlinebutone.（介词，除去）Therewasnotasinglepersontherebutwasmovedtotears（关系代词，whonot）(2)judgingfromthecontextA.Verbalcontext:Eg.WehopeMr.Whitewillnotforgethimself,gonearethedayswhenarepresentativeofalargecountryinUNmaydowhateverhelikes.WehopethatourmostrespectedSecretaryGeneralwillnotforgethimself,hispoorhealthisknowntoeverybody.(忘乎所以；过于操劳，忘我工作)B.PlaceTheboyisdrawingacart.画？拉？C.code(语码：话语所使用的语言变体）Firstfloor(En,二楼；Am，一楼）Areyouthrough?(En接通了吗；Am，打完了吗）(3)JudgingfromcollocationDelicateskinDelicatechildDelicatevaseDelicatedifferenceDelicatesenseofsmellDelicatefood娇嫩的皮肤容易生病的小孩容易碰碎的花瓶微妙的差别灵敏的嗅觉美味的食物Heavyweather;恶劣Heavyschedule排的很紧heavycrops丰收Heavyfog浓heavytraffic繁忙/拥挤Heavyartillery重炮部队heavysoil难以耕种Heavyfate悲惨Heavystormheavynews不幸Heavysea波涛汹涌heavysleep沉睡heavyhand高压手段heavysmokers烟瘾大Heavyapplause热烈heavyworkHeavyheartheavyfighting激烈Heavyrain/snowheavysky阴沉Heavyfood不易消化Heavymarket呆滞，卖风笼罩的市场，价格下降Last：Heisthelastmantocome.Heisthelastmantodoit.Heisthelastpersonforsuchajob.最不配Heshouldbethelasttoblame.Heisthelastmantoconsult.不宜ThisisthelastplacewhereIexpectedtomeetyou.怎么也没想到恶性循环viciouscircle恶性肿瘤malignanttumor恶性疟疾perniciousmalaria止渴quenchingthirst止咳relievingcough止汗suppressingsweating止呕arresting（preventing）vomiting止泻preventing(stopping)diarrhea止痒relievingitching止痛alleviatingpain止血stoppingbleedingAmbivalentwords对立词Pleasepayattentiontosomeambivalentwords:FiremanCleaveOverhearOverlookAmbition消防员；火夫劈开；粘住偷听；偶然/无意听到细看；不看/忽视抱负；野心3.引申extension3.1．词义的引申Itisregrettablethatourappealremainsadeadletter.遗憾的是，我们的呼吁没有得到响应。(1)具体含义的引申Theyhavetheirsmilesandtears.Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.Duringthewar,hewasanembryosurgeon,andjoinedthemobilemedicalteam.Iwasnotonetoletmyheartrulemyhead.Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.欢乐与悲哀有苦又有甜胚胎---初出茅庐的情感—理智残暴—狡猾(2)抽象概念的引申TheIraqiWarmakesalltheinternationalmoralityorinternationallawsbecomeimpossible.（失去作用，一纸空文）TheGreatWallisamustformostforeignvisitorstoBeijing.必不可少的参观游览项目3.2.比喻的引申:如果英语的比喻在内容、形式、形象上与汉语相近似，可以相互借用，不用引申。如：Themanisasstubbornasamule.犟得像头牛。Iamonlyasmallpotatointhisoffice.小人物Don’tputyourfingerintoanother’spie.别管他人闲事。汉语中没有相似的比喻，需要引申：Lastnight,Iheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.（鼾声如雷）Sheisasbusyasabeerecently.（特别忙）OldMr.Joneskickedthebucketlastweek.（呜呼哀哉）Don’tcrossthebridgebeforeyougettoit.（不必担心太早）3.3.典故的引申：希腊神话SheisasfairasHelen.她是个绝世美人。Helen—(GreekMyth)—daughterofZeus.HermatchlessbeautyandcharmsdrewtowardstohermanyheroesfromallpartsofGreece.ShewasthewifeofMenelaus,KingofSparta.SheelopedwithParisandthusthemostbeautifulwomanoftheworldatthetimekindledtheflameoftheTrojanWarandbroughtutterdestructiononthecityofTroy.Shehasbeenconsideredthetypeoffemalebeauty.Hedoesalotofgoodjobsandisconsideredtobethesaltoftheworld.盐是饮食中不可缺少的调味品，人体若缺盐，健康就会受到影响，出现种种疾病。盐还有杀菌、解毒、消炎、除污等多种功用，它既是“百药之王”，又是工业之母，确是值得珍视的东西。在许多民族的习俗汇总，盐被当作敬客的高贵礼品。TheSaltoftheEarth一词出自《圣经》，据《马太福音》（Matthew）第5篇记载：耶稣对他的门徒说:“Yearethesaltoftheea