搜索
1.word-for-word/literaltranslationandsense-for-sense/freetranslation1)itreferstothereplacementofeachindividualwordoftheSTwithitsclosestgrammaticalequivalentintargetlanguage.2)Itswingstowardsyiyi.Thismethodconsistedoftranslating“sense-for-sense”creatingfluenttargettextswhichconveyedthemeaningoftheoriginalwithoutdistortingthetargetlanguage.2.metaphrase,paraphrase,imitation1)wordbywordandlinebyline’translation,whichcorrespondstoliteraltranslation.2)translationwithlatitude,wheretheauthoriskeptinviewbythetranslator,soasnevertobelost,buthiswordsarenotsostrictlyfollowedashissense’.Thisinvolveschangingwholephrasesandmoreorlesscorrespondstofaithfulorsense-for-sensetranslation.3)‘Forsaking’bothwordsandsense.ThiscorrespondstoCowley’sveryfreetranslationandismoreorlessadaptation3.Formalequivalenceanddynamic/functionalequivalence1)FormalequivalenceiskeenlyorientedtowardstheSTstructure.2)Dynamicequivalenceisbasedon‘theprincipleofequivalenteffect’,whichmeansthat‘therelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedbetweentheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage’.4.SemanticTranslationandCommunicativeTranslation1)Semantictranslationistheprocessofusingsemanticinformationtoaidinthetranslationofdatainonerepresentationordatamodeltoanotherrepresentationordatamodel.2)Communicativetranslationisfreer,andgivesprioritytotheeffectivenessofthemessagetobecommunicated.5.documentarytranslationandinstrumentaltranslationDocumentarytranslation‘servesasadocumentofaSCcommunicationbetweentheauthorandtheSTrecipientInstrumentaltranslation‘servesasanindependentmessage-transmittinginstrumentinanewcommunicativeactionintheTC,andisintendedtofulfillitscommunicativepurposewithouttherecipientbeingconsciousofreadingorhearingatextwhich,inadifferentform,wasusedbeforeinadifferentcommunicativesituation’.6.translationalactionviewstranslationaspurposedriven,outcome-orientedhumaninteraction,theaimistoprovideamodelandguidelinesapplicabletoprofessionaltranslationsituations.7.skopostheorySkopostheorydealswithatranslationalactionwhichisST-based,whichhastobenegotiatedandperformed,andwhichhasapurposeandaresult.8.polysystemtheoryThepolysystemisconceivedasaheterogeneous,hierarchizedconglomerate(orsystem)ofsystemswhichinteracttobringaboutanongoing,dynamicprocessofevolutionwithinthepolysystemasawhole9.Norms：thetranslationofgeneralvaluesorideassharedbyacommunity–astowhatisrightorwrong,adequateorinadequate–intoperformanceinstructions(行动指令)appropriateforandapplicabletoparticularsituations.10.equivalence：inDTS，equivalenceisfunctional-historicalandrelatedtothecontinuumof“acceptability”and“adequacy”.(这个好像是在这个DTS理论中的定义，其他定义没有啦)11.foreignizationanddomesticationForeignization:isamodeoftranslationdesignedtoretainandassertdifferenceanddiversitybystickingcloselytothecontoursofthesourcetext.Domesticationreferstothetarget-culture-orientedtranslationinwhichunusualexpressionstothetargetcultureareexploitedandturnedintosomefamiliaronessoastomakethetranslatedtextintelligibleandeasyforthetargetreaders.Foreignizationisasource-culture-orientedtranslationwhichstrivestopreservetheforeignflavorasmuchaspossibleinordertotransferthesourcelanguageandcultureintothetargetone.12.translation/translating（见第三大题的第二个）Translatingisinterpreting.Morespecifically,translatingistheprocessinwhichthetranslatorwithhishistoryfuseshishorizonwiththatofthesourcetextinanacross-culturalhistoricalcontextandformsanewhorizon,andthenheconstructsanewtext,namely,thetargettext,byusingthenewlyacquiredhorizoninthetargetlanguagesoakedwiththetargetculture13.PrescriptiveTranslationStudiesandDescriptiveTranslationStudies1)AtermusedbyToury(1980,1985)torefertoapproachestotranslationwhicharenormativeinoutlook,orinotherwordswhichimposecriteriastipulatingthewaytranslationshouldbeperformedinaparticularculture.2)Itreferstoapproachestotranslationwhichistodescribethephenomenaoftranslatingandtranslationsastheymanifestthemselvesintheworldofourexperience,andtoestablishgeneralprinciplesbymeansofwhichthesephenomenacanbeexplainedandpredicted.