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1（2013届）毕业设计文献翻译题目：嘉兴市新城街道资产经营管理有限公司综合楼工程建筑设计方案姓名：王宗佳学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑学班级：建筑082学号：200851685212指导教师：王德海导师学科：高层建筑设计导师职称：讲师教务处制2011年11月1日2嘉兴学院外文文献翻译译文1外文题目：SPACEEFFICIENCYINHIGH-RISEOFFICEBUILDINGS专业班级：建筑082学生姓名：王宗佳学号200851685212一、外文原文SPACEEFFICIENCYINHIGH-RISEOFFICEBUILDINGSWriter:AyşinSEVandAydanÖZGENAbstract:High-riseofficebuildings,whicharedevelopedasaresponsetopopulationgrowth,rapidurbanizationandeconomiccycles,areindispensableforametropolitancitydevelopment.Thisstatementholdstruefortoday;however,therelationshipbetweencostandbenefitismorecomplexintoday’sglobalmarketplace.Thespaceefficiency,aswellastheshapeandgeometryofthehigh-risebuildingneedtosatisfythevalueandcostofthedevelopmentequation.Spaceefficiency,whichisdeterminedbythesizeofthefloorslab,dimensionofthestructuralelementsandrationalizedcore,goesalongwiththefinancialbenefit.Keywords:high-riseofficebuilding;spaceefficiency;floorslab;grossfloorarea;netfloorarea;structuralsystem,coreconfiguration.Bytheendof1990s,atmorethan30stories,nettogrossfloorarearatiosof70-75%werecommoninofficebuildings(Table2)(DavisLangdonandEverest,1997).However,Yeang(1995)statedinhisbook“TheSkyscraper:BioclimaticallyConsidered”thatnet-to-grossfloorareashouldnotbelessthan75%,while80%to85%isconsideredappropriate.Whereverthetallbuildingisbeingconstructed,achievingsuitablespaceefficiencyisnoteasy,sinceitisadverselyaffectedbyheightascoreandstructuralelementsexpandtosatisfytherequirementsofverticalcirculationandresistancetolateralloads.Spaceefficiencycanbeincreasedbytheleasespan,whichisdefinedasthedistancebetweenthecoreandexteriorwall.Factorsaffectingthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsvaryfromcountrytocountry,suchaslocalclimate,zoningregulations,culturalconditions,technologicalopportunities,andetc.Forinstance,inGermany,wherebuildingcodesdictateshallowfloorslabsof38.0m,efficienciesof60-70%arecommon,whereasLondon’sCanaryWharfTower,canachieveanetto-grossratioinexcessof80%withfloorslabsof2500m2,and11.0mleasespan.Inthisrespect,whenthehigh-riseofficebuildingsofTurkeyareinvestigated,conceivablespaceefficiencyisnotachievedwhencomparedwiththeexamplesfromtheworld.AsWattsandetal.(2007)statedintheirarticlethat“fatishappy”,thehighestofficebuildingsofTurkeyarehappy,however,theyarenotsosuccessfulinrespecttospaceefficiency.ThereforethisresearchtendstocompareandrevealthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetallestofficebuildingsatabroadandinTurkeyintermsofspaceefficiency.DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSFORHIGH-RISEOFFICEBUILDINGSThestudyisbasedonthetentallestofficebuildingsintheworldandinTurkeyindividually,whichareregisteredbyCouncilonTallBuildingsandUrbanHabitat(CTBUH,2008)inNovember2008andalsorecordedinEmporis.com(2008)andSkyscraperPage.com(2008),asshowninTable1.Allofthesamplebuildingsarelandmarksoftheircities,andalsoaredesignedbyinternationallyexpertisedesignconsultants,reflectinghighqualitypracticesinrespectofefficientplanning.Therelevantbuildingdataareprovidedfromtheclients,architects,engineers,quantitysurveyors,aswellasjournals,books,magazinesandInternetsources.Theresearchisbasedonthearchitecturalandstructuraldesigncriteriaaffectingthespaceefficiency,suchasfloorslabsizeandlayout,coreintegrity,grossandnetfloorareas,leasingdepth,floor-to-floorandfloor-to-ceilingheight,andstructuralsystem.Thesamplebuildingsfromtheworldarelocatedinsevenmajorcities,whichareTaipei,KualaLumpur,Shanghai,Chicago,HongKong,GuangzhouandShenzhen.Theheightrangesofthesebuildingsarebetween367mand509m,andthenumbersofstorieschangefrom69to114.TheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYork,whichiscurrentlytheninthtallestofficebuildingoftheworld,isomitted,sinceitisconstructed78yearsago.Thepapertendstotakecontemporaryexamplesintoconsiderationduetotherapidchangesintallbuildingdesignandconstructiontechnologies.ThelistofthetallestbuildingsofTurkeyinEmporis.com(2008)and4SkyscraperPage.com(2008)comprisealargenumberofresidentialtowers,ofwhichhavebeenomittedfromthelistmentionedinthispaper.Nineoftenselectedexamplesofofficebuildingsarelocatedinİstanbul,whiletheremainingexample,Mertim,islocatedinMersin.Mertim,originallydesignedasanofficebuilding,iscurrentlyutilizedasahotel.Theheightsofthesebuildingsvarybetween122mand181m,whilethenumbersofstoreyschangebetween22to52,asshowninTable1.Architecturalandstructuralrequirementsarethebasicdecisionmakingparametersinthedesignofhigh-riseofficebuildings,anddictatethefloorslabsizeandshape,leasingdepth,structuralframe,floor-to-floorheight,verticaltransportationandcorelayout.TherelatedfindingsoftheselectedbuildingsfromtheworldandTurkeyarepresentedanddiscussedbelow.5FloorSlabSizeandShapeAnofficebuilding’sfloorslabsizeandshape,onwhichdecisionsaremadeaccordingtothefunctionalrequirements,client’sspecificneedsandvariousconstraints,havegreatimpactonthespaceefficiencyandthebuilding’sexternalcharacter.Althoughtherearenouniversalformulasforrespondingtotheclient’sneedsortolocalinfluencesandconstraintssuchasclimate,codesorconstructionalconditions,thefundamentaldesignconsiderationsareidenticalalmostinofficebuildings(KohnandKatz,2002;Strelitz,2005).Thefirstaim