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济源职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）(冶金化工系)题目年产16万吨聚氯乙烯聚合工段设计专业应用化工技术班级姓名学号指导教师完成日期2012年6月25日～2012年10月10日济源职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）-I-目录摘要·································································································1第一章绪论······················································································21.1聚氯乙烯的性能和用途···························································21.1.1聚氯乙烯的性能····························································21.1.2聚氯乙烯的用途····························································31.2聚氯乙烯的生产状况与市场预测···············································41.2.1聚氯乙烯生产与消费状况·················································41.2.2聚氯乙烯市场预测·························································6第二章聚氯乙烯聚合工段设计······························································82.1原料的性质···········································································82.1.1原辅材料组成································································82.1.2主要原料的性质·····························································82.2聚氯乙烯的聚合方法·······························································92.2.1悬浮聚合······································································92.2.2乳液聚合·····································································112.2.3本体聚合·····································································112.2.4溶液聚合·····································································122.3氯乙烯悬浮聚合的原理···························································132.3.1悬浮聚合反应的过程······················································132.3.2悬浮聚合反应各阶段的物料相变·······································152.4聚氯乙烯聚合工段生产工艺流程···············································162.4.1悬浮法PVC聚合工段生产工艺的工序组成···························162.4.1悬浮聚合生产工艺流程及流程图·······································192.4.聚合各岗位生产控制指标··················································20第三章工艺计算···········································································213.1物料衡算·············································································213.1.1物料衡算流程示意草图···················································21济源职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）-II-3.1.2计算依据·····································································213.1.3计算···········································································223.2热量衡算·············································································23第四章设备选型············································································244.1聚合工段的主要设备（聚合釜）的特点······································244.2聚合釜釜体及筒体厚度设计·····················································264.2.1参数确定·····································································264.2.2釜体设计·····································································274.2.3筒体厚度设计·······························································284.3搅拌器的选型·······································································29附录一····························································································30附录二····························································································31致谢·······························································································32参考文献·························································································33济源职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）-1-摘要本设计为年产16万吨聚氯乙烯聚合工段的初步工艺设计。聚氯乙烯(简称PVC)是氯乙烯单体(简称VCM)聚合而成的高分子化合物，是一种热塑性塑料。在我国宏观经济向好、国民经济快速发展、国内需求旺盛特别是房地产和汽车行业的快速增长等因素的推动下，我国聚氯乙烯(PVC)工业继续保持着快速增长的势头。本设计简单介绍了聚氯乙烯的性质和主要用途，产品的生产和消费状况，以及其市场预测。阐述了聚氯乙烯在生产生活中的显著作用和重要地位。原料的组成和性质，聚合工段的聚合方法及聚合原理确定了其生产工艺流程。在生产工艺确定的基础上进行了物料衡算，热量衡算及设备选型。关键词：聚氯乙烯聚合方法氯乙烯济源职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）-2-第一章绪论1.1聚氯乙烯的性能和用途1.1.1聚氯乙烯的性能聚氯乙烯(polyvinylchloride,简称PVC)是氯乙烯单体(简称VCM)聚合而成的高分子化合物,它的结构式是:—[CH2—CH]n—︱Cl式中n表示平均聚合度.聚合度n可用反应温度及聚合分子量调节剂进行控制,国内工业生产的通用聚氯乙烯树脂平均聚合度通常控制在650～1785。由于高分子主链上引入氯原子,使其高分子结构不同于聚乙烯,并具有一系列独特的性能。其主要物化数据如下。外观：白色粉末分子量：36840-93750相对密度（比重）：1.3-1.45表观密度：0.40-0.65g/ml热容：1.045-1.463J/g·℃（0-100℃）导热系数：0.5852KJ/h·m·℃颗粒直径：通常紧密型树脂30-100μm疏松型树脂60-150μm折射率n=1.544软化点75-80℃热分解点：100℃开始降解放出氯化氢1、基本性能聚氯乙烯简称（PVC），由氯乙烯在引发剂作用下聚合而成的热塑性树脂，具有价格便宜、难燃自熄、抗化学药品性能好（耐浓盐酸、浓度为90％的硫酸、浓度为60％的硝酸和浓度20％的氢氧化钠）、电绝缘性能好、耐磨、消声消震、较好的强度、气缸性好及材料来源广泛（石油、石灰石、焦炭、食盐和天然气）等特点。PVC溶解性很差，只能溶于少数溶剂，另外，PVC本身无害，如果采济源职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）-3-用无毒的增塑剂、稳定剂等辅助材料制成的制品，对人畜均无害。2、主要物理性质PVC系高分子化合物，是一种无定形结构的热塑性塑料。它具有一般非晶态线性高聚物的3种热力学状态，即玻璃态、高弹态和黏流态，玻璃化温度一般为75~85℃。在紫外光照射下，硬PVC产生浅蓝或白色的荧光。PVC的物理机械性能取决于树脂的相对分子质量、增塑剂及填料的含量，树脂的相对分子质量越大，则机械性能、耐寒性、热稳定性越高，但加工温度也越高，成型比较困难；树脂的相对分子质量低，则与上述相反。3、主要化学性质PVC对多数无机酸和碱是稳定的，受热不稳定而被分解释放出HCl。PVC的溶解性与相对分子质量大小及聚合方法有关。一般来说，溶解度随着聚合体分子的增加而减小。PVC在火焰上能燃烧并放出HCl，但离开火焰立即自熄。难燃性和自熄性是PVC的最大特点。1.1.2聚氯乙烯的用途PVC用途1型材异型材型材、异型材是我国PVC消费量最大的领域，约占PVC总消费量的25％左右，主要用于制作门窗和节能材料，目前其应用量在全国范围内仍有较大幅度增长。2管材PVC管材是PVC第二大消费领域，约占其消费量的20％左右。在我国，PVC管较聚乙烯（PE）管和聚丙烯（PP）管开发早，品种多，性能优良，使用范围广，在市场上占有重要位置。3薄膜PVC薄膜是PVC第三大消费领域，约占其消费量的10％左右。利用压延机可将PVC制成规定厚度的透明或着色薄膜，用这种方法生产的薄膜称为压延薄膜。也可以将PVC的粒状原料利用吹塑成型机吹制成薄膜，用这种方法生产的薄膜称为吹塑薄膜。薄膜的用途很大，可以通过剪裁、热合方法加工成包装袋、雨衣、桌布、窗帘、充气玩具等。宽幅的透明薄膜可以建造温室和塑料大棚，或者用作地膜。济源职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）-4-4硬材和板材PVC中加入稳定剂、润滑