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定语从句在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，它的作用相当于一个形容词。定语从句通常位于它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词为关系代词或关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和定语；关系副词在定语从句中只作状语。•1、先行词注意被定语从句所修饰的先行词的特点，即是人还是物，以及将要在定语从句中所充当的成分。–如：Thestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasmyfriend.(先行词是student在定语从句中充当主语)Thegirlyoumetjustnowismysister.(先行词是girl在定语从句中作宾语)•2.关系代词、关系副词•引导定语从句的关系代词、关系副词,代替先行词在定语从句中充当成分。•在定语从句中能作主语的关系代词有who,that,which其中who用于指人，which用于指物，that既可指人也可指物。如:•Anarchitectisapersonwho/thatdesignhousesandbuildings.Thesupermarketwhich/thatwasopenedlastweekisaverymodernone.•在定语从句中能作宾语的关系代词有who,whom,which,that其中who,whom用于指人which用于指物that既可指人也可指物。–如:Thesuitwhich/thatthetailormadeformedoesn’tfitme.Themanwhom/thatIbeatinthetennisgamewasmyfather.n•在定语从句中能作定语的关系代词有whose或the+名词+of+which–如:Helivesintheroomwhosedoorisgreen.=Helivesintheroomthedoorofwhichisgreen.Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesverywell.=Thegirlthefatherofwhomisateacherstudiesverywell.在定语从句中作方式状语的关系副词常被省略如:•Thisistheway(how)heworkedouttheproblem.n介词如果在定语从句的句首时,作宾语的关系代词只能用whom,which且不可省略如:Themanwithwhomyoushookhandsjustnowistheheadofourdepartment.=Themanwhomyoushookhandswithjustnowistheheadofourdepartment.ThisisthebooktowhichIreferredinmytalk.=Thisisthebook(which)Ireferredtoinmytalk.•n非限制性定语从句和先行词关系不紧密用逗号和主句分开,另译作一句,作为一种补充说明即使去掉从句，主句的意思仍然清楚而限制性定语从句和先行词关系紧密从句不能去掉,如果去掉意思就不清楚且主句和从句之间无逗号一般译在先行词前面。•n除that不可以引导非限制性定语从句外其他关系代词和关系副词均可引导非限制性定语从句。–Allthebooks，whichhavepictureshavebeensenttothem.Hehasabrotherwhoisadoctor.他有一个当医生的兄弟。（也许不止一个兄弟）Hehasabrother,whoisadoctor.他有个兄弟，他是一个医生。•nwhich在所引导的非限制性定语从句，有时可以修饰整个主句即代替主句的意义。–Theexaminationhasbeenputoff，whichiswhatwewant.考试被推迟了，这正是我们希望的。–Marywaslateagain,whichmadeherteacherangry.玛丽又迟到了，这使她的老师非常生气。•n只用which不用that的情况：–（1）引导非限制性定语从句时Bambooishollow，whichmakesitverylight（2）当关系代词前有介词时Theroominwhichmyfamilyliveusedtobeagarage（3）当先行词本身为that时：Thatwhichyoutoldhimaboutiswhatwewanttoknow你告诉他的正是我们想知道的•n只用that不用which的情况：（1）先行词有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时如:ThefirstplacethatwevisitedwastheGreatWall.Thisisthebestfilmthathaseverbeenmade.（2）先行词前有only,few,little,right,any,all,one等修饰时Theonlyfurniture(that)hehadintheroomwasachairandasmalldesk.Thereislittletimethatwecanuse.(3)先行词是不定代词some,all,anything,little,much,something,everything,nothing,none等时Thatisall(that)Iwanttosay.Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?•(4)先行词为人和物的名词词组Theytalkedaboutpersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedintheschool.(5)主句前who,whom有时Whoisthemanthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?(6)在therebe或therelive结构中先行词指物ThereisabookonthedeskthatIamveryinterestedin.•(7)先行词指物在主句中作表语–Isthisthebookthatyouborrowedinthelibrary?(8)在way(指方法)后面常用that代替how或inwhich结构–Thatwastheway(that)hedidit.(9)time(表示次数)前有序数词修饰ThatwasthelasttimethatImether..•(10)习惯用法中that可以用作关系副词代替(in,on,for)which及whenwhere,why,而且that可省略Thewaythat(inwhich)youlookatproblemiswrong.Ineverforgettheday(when,that,onwhich)Iwenttoschool20yearsago.Doyouknowanywhere(that,where)Icangetadrink?I‘dliketoknowthereason(that,why,forwhich)youwon’tcome.•(11)当先行词前有thesame修饰时或当先行词和关系代词指同一人或物时Thisisthesamemanthat/whoItoldyouabout.•ThisisthebookthatIboughtyesterday.•只用who的情况。(1)先行词为those指人Thosewhowanttogothereraiseyourhands.(2)therebe(live)结构中先行词指人Thereisayoungmanoutsidewhoasksforyou.Therelivedakingwhowaskindtohispeople.(3)先行词为指人的不定代词one,anyone,noone,all,nobody,anybody,none等Anyonewhobrokethewindowwouldbepunished.Weshouldlearnfromtheonewhobenefitsus.•n选用关系副词不能光看先行词是否是表示时间，地点和原因的名词，而必须分析从句谓语动词与先行词之间的逻辑关系。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语则他仍须用关系代词which或that•如：Wewillneverforgettheday,whichwespenttogether.Iliketotakemyvacationinthemountain,whichisquietandbeautiful.Thatisthereason,whichhegaveusforhisaction.•nas引导限制性定语从句时,先行词常用such和same修饰,as在从句中不省略如:–Heusedsuchexpressionsashecouldfindnthetests.Theystayedforthenightinthesameroomastheyhadoncerented.•As引导非限制性定语从句时,as代表整个主句的意义,定语从句在主句中的位置比较灵活。•如：Heisateacher，asisclearfromhismanner.Taiwan,asisknowntoeveryone,isapartofChina.•n定语从句修饰of前面的词还是of后面的词,要看of前面的词是否有定冠词修饰。•如:Tomisoneoftheboyswhowerelatethismorning.(汤姆是所有早上迟到的男孩中的一员)Tomistheonlyoneoftheboyswhowaslatethismorning.(汤姆是所有男孩中早上迟到的唯一个)Exercises:–1.Thereare102elements(化学元素)foundinnature,_________aremetals2.Thehouse______roofwasdamagedhasnowbeenrepaired.3.IhaveneverbeentoRomebutthat’sthecityI’dmostliketovisit.–4.Thereason_______Ihavenotdonemyhomeworkistherearetoomanydifficultpoints.–5.“Gonearethedays________Iwasyoung,”theseventy-year-oldmansaid.6.Thisistheplace______helivedinhischildhood.–7.Thepen_________hewritesidHero60.8.Mrs.LeewillmoveintohernewhousenextMonday,_______itwillbecompletelyfurnished.–9.Thisistheverybus__we’llgotothetheater.10.Thebestplay_______ShakespearewroteisprobablyKingLear,butsomepeopledon’tthinkso.11.Heistheonlyoneoftheteachers______Spanishinourschool.12.KingHenryreceivedaletterfromMr.Lirpa;_______announced(宣布)______hehadfinallysolvedthesecretoflight.–13.Iboutanewbook,______isverybeautiful.14.Ihaveabook,______veryinteresting.15.Onlyatwenty-minutewalkfromhisvillageisalittlevalleysetamonghehills,______isoneofthequietestplacesintheworld.16.Those______arewillingtoattendtheparty,signhere.–17.Therearemanyplaces______wecanvisitinChina.18.