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高考二轮复习语法系统讲解二、名词一、分类(Classification)A:专有名词(Propernouns)B:普通名词(Commonnouns)Countablenouns(可数名词)Uncountablenouns(不可数名词)IndividualNouns（个体名词）CollectiveNouns（集体名词）AbstractNouns（抽象名词）MaterialNouns（物质名词）二、数(Number)A:Singularnumber(单数)B:Pluralnumber(复数)（1）一般的词，包括元音字母加y结尾的词，直接在词尾加－s（2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的词在词尾加－es（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加－es（4）以f或fe结尾的词，应变f或fe为v再加-es1.规则名词单复数变化:2.不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss（2）改变字母：man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,saleswoman--saleswomen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,Mouse--Mice,abacus--abaci(或abacuses)，phenomenon--phenomena另：penny（pence或pennies）（3）增加字母:child--children,ox--oxen（4）以o结尾的词：加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco,kangroo加es:tomato,potato,hero,Negro,dingo另：zero（zeros或zeroes）（5）以f或fe结尾的词:直接加s：roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变f为v再加es：life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief另外：handkerchief（handkerchiefs或handkerchieves）beef（beeves菜牛、beefs怨言；牢骚）3.名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)集体名词只用作复数：police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,handcuffs,pincers,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同：glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,sand–sands,snow–snows,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(时代),paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light–lights(灯),experience–experiences(经历),arm–arms(武器),iron–irons(镣铐,熨斗),compass(指南针)–compasses(圆规),(7)姓氏后加s并带冠词，表一家人或夫妇俩:theGreens；theChengs(8)合成名词的复数形式：①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数：looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law②将最后一部分变为复数：grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人），good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人）③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词：它们始终为单数，其后的名词则用复数形式。如：boystudents,girlfriends,ladydrivers④含man或woman的合成名词：它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如：amandoctor,twomendoctors(9)名词只能用复数形式的短语：•doexercises（做操）•takenotes(做笔记）•taketurns（轮流）•makerepairs（搞修理）•changetrains（改换火车）•makefriendswith（交朋友）•shakehandswith(握手）•asfollows（如下）•inrags（衣衫褴褛）•indozens（成打的）(9)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语：•makefaces/aface（做鬼脸）•Havetalks/atalkwithsb.(与某人交谈）•Playjokes/ajokeon（拿…开玩笑）•Makecontributions/acontributionto（为…做贡献）(10)名词单复数意义不同的短语：•Haveawordwithsb.（与…某人说句话）•Havewordswithsb.（与…某人吵架）•Makecloth(织布）•Makeclothes（制衣）三、名词的格(Case)A:通格(Commoncase):主格(Subjectcase)宾格(Objectcase)B:所有格(Possessivecase)1.～’s属格：原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如：theteacher’sbook;thehorse’stail然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也可以用～’s属格。如：today’snewspaper;thecity’stransportation①一般的名词，包括不以s结尾的复数名词，在词后加’s。如：thechildren’sbook②以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加～’。如：theteachers’office③以s结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加～’s也可加～’。如：Engels’（s）letter④两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式，如:TomandMike’sroom若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用所有格形式，如:Tom’sandMike’srooms2.of～属格：多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用of～短语来表示所有关系。如：thecoverofthebook;atoyofLiPing’syoungerbrother3．双重属格：既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.四、名词的性（Gender)1.Masculine（阳性）:actor,waiter,master,prince,lad,hero2.Feminine（阴性）:actress,waitress,mastress,princess,lass,heroine3.Neuter（中性）:teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop五、名词在句子中的作用（Function)功能例子主语Bushwaselectedpresident.表语Thesearenotgoatsbutsheep.宾语Shewasreadingabook.同位语Mr.Smith,themanager,willhostthemeeting.定语Youaresupposedtogatherattheschoolgate.补语MarxmadeLondonthebaseofrevolution.状语Thecouplewalkedshouldertoshoulder.呼语Bequiet,children.连词Themomenttheysawthetower,theycheered.精选练习题1.TheChinesepeople______.A.isagreatpeopleB.areagreatpeopleC.aregreatpeopleD.aregreatpeoples2.Somethingwaswrongwith____car,butluckilytheyknewhowtofixit.A.Jim’sandTom’sB.JimandTom’sC.Jim’sandTomD.JimandTom3.Heisafriendof_____.A.Kate’sfather’sB.Kate’sfatherC.Father’sofKateD.Katefather’s4.ThenewsofVictories___gotroundquickly.A.isB.areC.havebeenD./5.Therich___notalwayshappy.A.areBisC.haveD.has6.Yourtrousers____dirty,youmust___washed.A.is,itBare,itC.is,themD.are,them7.He,includinghisparents,____thisnovel.A.likeB.likesC.arelikeD.islike8.Therearethree____inourclass.A.Zhou’sB.Zhous’C.ZhousD.Zhous’s9.Thebridgeis____.A.ten-metres’B.tenmetreC.ten-metersD.tenmetres10.Mothermadeanewskirtwithtwometersof___.A.clothesB,clothC.dressD.cloths11.Ifthesetrousersaretoobig,buyasmall___A.oneB.copyC.pairD.set12.Hedroppedthe___andbrokeit.A.cupofcoffeeB.coffee’scupC.cupcoffeeD.coffeecup13.Let’shavea___break.A.tenminute’sB.ten-minutesC.tenminutes’D.tenminutes14.___shouldbestrictwith_____.A.Teachers,astudentB.Theteachers,studentsC.Teachers,studentsD.Teachers,astudent15.Theyplayedinthe___foranhour,andwhentheyreturned,theyfoundtheirgoods___stolen.A.sand,wereB.sand,wasC.sands,wereD.sands,was总之，名词是人、动物、事物、地方、状态、品质或动作的名称。它可以表示具体的东西，也可表示抽象的东西。下面斜体字都是名词：1Johnismyfriend．Mychildrenlovetheirteachers．（