法律英语考查试题及答案一、英译汉1.generaljurisdiction一般管辖2.barexamination律师考试3.ripeness案件成熟度4.substantivelaw实体法5.nocontestpleas不辩护也不认罪的答辩二、汉译英1.巡回法院circuitcourts2.模拟法庭mootcourt3.案件决议度mootness4.起诉书complaint5.被上诉人appellee三、翻译短文1.Notwolegalsystems,then,areexactlyalike.Eachisspecifictoitscountryoritsjurisdiction.Thisdoesnotmean,ofcourse,thateverylegalsystemisentirelydifferentfromeveryotherlegalsystem.Notatall.Whentwocountriesaresimilarincultureandtradition,theirlegalsystemsarelikelytobesimilaraswell.NodoubtthelawofE1SalvadorisverymuchliketheLawofHonduras.ThelawsofAustraliaandNewZealandarenotthatfarapart.没有两个法系是恰好相似的。每一种法系对于它的国家和它的管辖范围是特定的。当然,这并不意味着每一种法系是完全不同于其它任何一种法系。当两个国家在文化和传统上相似的时候,他们的法系也很可能相似。难怪萨尔瓦多的法律和洪都拉斯的法律异常相似。澳大利亚的法律和新西兰的法律也不是相差甚远。2.InmanyjurisdictionsintheUnitedStates,feloniesarecrimespunishablebydeathorimprisonmentinastateprisonorpenitentiaryandmisdemeanorsarethosepunishablebyfineofimprisonmentinalocaljail.(Thetermjurisdictionreferstotheauthorityofapoliticalentity,suchasastateoracounty,ortheterritoryoverwhichthatauthorityisexercised.)Inotherjurisdictions,crimespunishablebyfineorimprisonmentinalocaljail.(Thetermjurisdictionregerstotheauthorityofapoliticalentity,suchasastateoracounty,ortheterritoryoverwhichthatauthorityisexercised.)Inotherjurisdictions,crimespunishablebyimprisonmentforoneyeatormorearefolonies,andthosepunishablebyfineorimprisonmentforlessthanoneyeararemisdemeanors.Sinceeachjurisdictiondeterminesthepenaltiesforoffensesitdefines,amisdemeanorinonejurisdictionmayconstituteafelonyinanother.Somejurisdictionshaveanadditionalclassificationforpettyoffenses,alsocalledinfractions,whichareusyallypunishablebyasmallfine.在美国的许多地区,重罪是被处以死刑或者在州监狱里终身监禁的犯罪,而轻罪是被处以罚款或者是在当地监狱监禁的犯罪。(这个管辖术语涉及政治性实体的权威,例如一个州或者一个国家,或者一个培训权威的领地。)在其他地区,被处以监禁一年或一年以上的是重罪,被处以罚款或监禁少于一年的是轻罪。因为每个地区各自定义决定罪犯的刑罚,在一个地区的轻罪可能在别的地区是重罪。一些地区对轻微违法有另外的分类,称作侵害,通常被处以数量不大的罚款。3.ThesystemofcriminalprocedureintheUnitedStatesisbothadversarialandaccusatorial.Theadversatialaspectsareasfollows:thepartiesthemselvesdevelopandpresenttheevidencebeforeapassiveandimpartialdecisionmaker,withthejudgeactingonlyasnecessarytoassureoverallfairnessofthecontestbetweenthesides.Accusatorialprinciplesarenotthesameasadversarialprinciples,buttheycomplementeachother.Accusatorialprinciplesrequirethe“governmentinitscontestwiththeindividualtoshouldertheentireload,”whileadversarialprinciplesrequirethattheprosecutor,asthegovernment′srepresentative,presentthecaseagainstthedefendant.Thus,theprosecutormustbeartheentireburdenofprovingthedefendant′sguiltoneveryelementofthecrimewithoutthecompelledassistanceoftheaccused.TheU.S.systemallowsforexceptionstotheaccusatorialprinciple,justasitcontemplatesexceptionstotheasversatialprinciple,butitremainsprimarilyaccusatorialandadversarial.在美国,刑事诉讼体系包括对抗式(当事人主义)和控告式(职权主义)。当事人主义包括以下几个方面:当事人自己在一个消极的公正的决策者之前收集和呈现证据,而法官仅扮演一个能够保证争议双方公正的必要角色。职权主义原则与当事人原则不同,但双方是互补的。职权主义原则要求政府在个别争议中承担全部责任。然而当事人主义原则要求政府代表的检察官呈现针对被告的案件。因此,公诉人必须承担证明被告有罪的全部责任,并且在每一个犯罪要素上排除被告被强迫的帮助。美国体系容许排除职权主义原则,正如他沉思排除当事人主义原则,但它仍保持着主要的职权主义原则和当时人原则。4.DirectExaminationandCrossExaminationTheplaintiff′slawyercallsherorhiswitnessandquestionthewitness.Thisisknowasdirectexamination.Whentheplaintiff′slawyerhasfinished,thedefendant′slawyermaycross-examinetheplaintiff′switness.Oncross-examination,thedefendant′slawyerisfreeeithertolimithisquestionstotopicsraisedbytheplaintiff′slawyerortolimithisquestionstotopicsraisedbytheplaintiff′slawyeroftoopenanewlineofquestioning.Whenthedefendant`slawyerhasfinished,theplaintiff`slawyermayredirect,oraskassitionalquestionsofthesamewitness.Onredirectexamination,however,theplaintiff`slawyermayaskonlyquestionsraisedbythedefendant`slawyeroncross-examination;sheorhemaynotopenanewlineofquestioning.Uponcompletionofredirect,thedefendant`slawyermayrecross-examination;sheorhemaynotopenanewlineofquestioning.Uponcompletionofredirect,thedefendant`slawyermayrecross-examinebutalsoislimitedtoquestionsraisedonredirect.Whenbothlawyershaveaskedalloftheirquestions,thewitnessisexcused.原告律师可以直接要求她或者他的证人出庭和询问证人。这就是为人所知的直接询问。当原告律师完成询问后,被告律师可交叉质询原告证人。在交叉质询中,被告律师可以把话题限制在原告律师提前的话题上,也可以开始新一轮的提问。当被告律师结束后,原告律师可以再次直接地询问或对同一证人问其他问题。在再次直接询问中,原告律师仅可以就被告律师在交叉询问中提出的问题进行询问。她(或他)不可以再次提出新问题,当完成再次直接询问后,被告律师可再次交叉询问。但同时也受再次质询中所提问题的限制。当双方律师问完(证人)所以问题后,证人可退庭。