机电专业英语

Lesson2MechanizationandAutomation机械化和自动化•SectionIWordsandPhrases•SectionIITextandTranslation•SectionIIIExercisesandAnswers词英汉练EndNext答SectionIWordsandPhrases•mechanization[,mekənai'zeiʃən]n.机械化例句：Wearespeedingupthemechanizationofouragriculture.我们正在加快农业机械化的步伐。automation[,ɔ:tə‘meiʃən]n.自动化•inasmuchas因为，由于，鉴于，既然例句：Inasmuchasthedebtorhasnoproperty,Iabandonedtheclaim.因为债务人无财产,我放弃了债务。debtor[‘detə]n.借方，债务人TopicAboveNextEndTheyboughtinasmuchfoodaswouldlastthewinter.他们买进了足以维持一个冬天的食品。•discrimination[diskrimineiʃən]n.辨别，鉴别，识别，歧视例句:Hespokeoutagainstracialdiscrimination.他声言反对种族歧视。Theserobotsarecapableofshapediscrimination.这些机器人能辨别形状。•feedback[fi:dbæk]n.反馈,回馈••negativefeedback负反馈•deviation[di:vi:eiʃən]n.偏差，偏移,背离例句：Anydeviationfromtheparty’sfaithisseenasbetrayal.任何对党的信仰的偏离被视作背叛。•betrayal[bi'treiəl]n.1.背叛;密告;泄密2.引诱•spinning[spini]adj.旋转的n.纺线，纺纱例句：Spinningisoneofmyhobbies.我很喜欢纺纱。•单词来源：spin[spin]vt.&vi使…旋转，杜撰，纺线，纺纱TopicAboveNextEnd•pneumatic[nju:mætik]adj.空气的，气动的例句：Thispneumatictoolwilldoublethespeedofassembly.这个气动工具可以把装配速度提高一倍。Knowledgeofhydraulic,pneumaticandelectronicfixtureapplications.具备运用液压、气动和电子器具的知识。pneumaticcylinder气缸pneumaticactuator气动执行元件SectionIWordsandPhrases•hydraulic[hai‘drɔ:lik]adj.液压的例句：Hydraulicjacksunderthemachineproducethemovement.是机器下面的液压千斤顶造成的移动。hydraulicengineering水利工程hydraulicdrive液压传动hydraulictransmissionsystem液压传动系统•remarkable[rimɑ:kəbl]adj.显著的，非凡的，值得注意的•remarkableachievements•卓越的成就例句：Remarkablequalityhasgoodprestige.卓越的品质便有良好的信誉。prestige[pres'ti:ʒ]n.名望,声望,威望;TopicAboveNextEnd•displace[displeis]vt.移置，取代，转移•过去式:displaced过去分词:displaced现在分词:displacing例句：Hewasdisplacedbyanotheryoungman.他已被另一个年轻人顶替。Thewarhasdisplacedthousandsofpeople.战争使成千上万的人背井离乡。exceptional[ik‘sepʃənl]adj.例外的;异常的;特殊的;优秀的;卓越的SectionIWordsandPhrases•old-fashioned[əuldfæʃənd]adj.老式的，旧的例句：Anold-fashioned,fussyperson.老古板思想过时、吹毛求疵的人fussy['fʌsi]adj.大惊小怪的;难以取悦的;挑剔的Hisvaluesseemold-fashioned.他的价值观念似乎陈旧了。•immense[imens]adj.极大的，巨大的例句：TheymadeanimmenseimprovementinEnglish.在英语方面他们取得了巨大的进步。Theexpenseoflivingisimmense.生活费用很庞大。TopicAboveNextEndcentrifugal[sen‘trifjugəl]adj.离心的centrifugalforce离心力centrifugalgovernor离心式调速器shaft[ʃɑ:ft]n.[C]轴；矿井;竖井•valve[vælv]n.n.[c]1.阀,活门2.真空管，电子管•innumerable[i‘nju:mərəbl]adj.无数的;数不清的mass-produced大(批)量生产的SectionIITextProcessesofmechanizationhavebeendevelopingandbecomingmorecomplexeversincethebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionattheendofthe18thcentury.（自从18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化进程一直在不断地发展，并且变得越来越复杂。）Thecurrentdevelopmentsofautomaticprocessesare,however,differentfromtheoldones.（但目前的工业自动化过程较以前的工业自动化过程有很大的不同）TopicAboveNext汉EndThe“automation”ofthe20thcenturyisdistinctfromthemechanizationofthe18thand19thcenturiesinasmuchasmechanizationwasappliedtoindividualoperations,whereas“automation”isconcernedwiththeoperationandcontrolofacompleteproducingunit.（20世纪的工业自动化之所以有别于18、19世纪的机械化，是因为机械化仅应用于操纵(执行）机构，而自动化则涉及整个生产单元的执行和控制两个（核心）部分。）Andinmany,thoughnotall,instancestheelementofcontrolissogreatthatmechanizationdisplacesmuscle,“automation”displacesbrainaswell.（尽管不是所有的情况，但在大多数情况下，控制元件依然发挥着强大的力量，机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自动化代替了脑力劳动。）Thedistinctionbetweenthemechanizationofthepastandwhatishappeningnowis,however,notasharpone.Atoneextremewehavetheelectroniccomputerwithitsquiteremarkablecapacityfordiscriminationandcontrol,whileattheotherendofthescaleare“transfermachines”,astheyarenowcalled,whichmaybeassimpleasaconveyorbelttoanother.（机械化程度的发展在过去和现在的区别不是很明显，而在一端是具有强大辨别和控制功能的电子计算机，另一端是我们目前所说的“转换机构”正如传输带一样与其他设备简单地连接起来。）Anautomaticmechanismisonewhichhasacapacityforself-regulate;thatis,itcanregulateorcontrolthesystemorprocesswithouttheneedforconstanthumanattentionoradjustment.（自动调整机构能够自动调节系统，也就是说，它能在没有人干预和调整的情况下，自动对系统或生产过程进行控制和调节。）Nowpeopleoftentalkabout“feedback”asbeinganessentialfactorofthenewindustrialtechniques,uponwhichisbasedanautomaticself-regulatingsystemandbyvirtueofwhichanydeviationinthesystemfromdesiredconditionscanbedetected,measured,reportedandcorrected.（现代工业技术的核心因素就是当前人们经常提起的反馈（控制），它是以自动调节系统为基础，借助于系统参考值与期望值之间的偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到）TopicAboveNext汉EndWhen“feedback”isappliedtotheprocessbywhichalargedigitalcomputerrunsattheimmensespeedthroughalongseriesofsums,constantlyrejectingtheanswersuntilitfindsonetofitacomplexsetoffactsthathavebeenputtoit,itisperhapsdifferentindegreefromwhatwehavepreviouslybeenaccustomedtomachines.(反馈控制应用于高速运转的大型数字计算机进行复杂运算时，对于输入的复杂问题，计算机通常会一直运行，直到求出与问题匹配的结果。这或许与我们以前熟知的机器有很大的差别。)But“feedback”,assuch,isafamiliarmechanicalconception.Theold-fashionedsteamenginewasfittedwithacentrifugalgovernor,twoballsonleversspinningroundandroundanuprightshaft..(反馈是我们所熟悉的机械概念。旧式的蒸汽机安装有离心式调速器，控制杆上的两个球不停地绕立轴旋转，•Ifthesteampressureroseandtheenginestartedtogotoofast,theincreasedspeedofthespinninggovernorcausedittoriseuptheverticalrodandshutdownavalve.Thiscutoffsomeofthesteamandthustheenginebroughtitselfbacktoitsproperspeed(气压升高，发动机转速变快，旋转调速器速度增加，使立杆上升，关闭阀门，切断蒸汽，从而发动机恢复到合适的速度。)Themechanization,whichwasintroducedwiththeIndustrialRevolution,becauseitwaslimitedtoindividualprocesses,requiredtheemploymentofhumanlabortocontroleachmachineaswellastoloadand