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Unit2SailingtheoceansPartOne:TeachingDesignPeriod1:Asamplelessonplanforreading(SAILINGTHEOCEANS)AimsTohelpstudentsreadaboutsailingtheoceansTohelpstudentslearnaboutthepredicateProcedures■WarmingupbyleaningaboutnavigatorWhatisanavigator?Anavigatoristhepersononboardashipresponsibleforthenavigationofthevessel.Onaircraft,thepositionmayalsobereferredtoasaflightofficer.Thenavigator'sresponsibilitiesincludeplanningthejourney,advisingthecaptain(orpilot)whileenroute,andensuringthathazardsorobstaclesareavoided.Whatisexploration?Explorationistheactofsearchingortravelingforthepurposeofdiscovery,e.g.ofunknownregions,includingspace(spaceexploration),oroil,gas,coal,ores,water(alsoknownasprospecting),orinformation.Explorationhasexistedaslongashumanbeings,butitspeakisseenasbeingduringtheAgeofExplorationwhenEuropeannavigatorstravelledaroundtheworld.Inscientificresearch,explorationisoneofthreepurposesofresearch(theothertwobeingdescriptionandexplanation).Explorationistheattempttodevelopaninitial,roughunderstandingofsomephenomenon.■WarmingupbytalkingaboutZhengHe'sSevenVoyagesInJuly11,1405,theeunuchZhengHeoftheMingDynastyroyalcourtsetoutonhisfirstoverseasvoyage.Inthefollowing28years,thisnavigatorproceededtocarryoutsixmorevoyages,accompaniedbyahugeentourageofnearly30,000people.BytravelingthroughoutSoutheastAsia,andaroundtheIndianOceantotheRedSeaandEastAfrica,healsolandedatoverthirtydifferentnations.Hewastheearliestlargestscalenavigationinworldhistory,comingmorethanhalfacenturyearlierthanColumbus'famousexploits...■WarmingupbylookingandlisteningHello,class.Doyouknowthisman?Yes,heisMarcoPolo.MarcoPolo(1254-1324),isprobablythemostfamousWesternertraveledontheSilkRoad.Heexcelledalltheothertravelersinhisdetermination,hiswriting,andhisinfluence.HisjourneythroughAsialasted24years.Hereachedfurtherthananyofhispredecessors,beyondMongoliatoChina.HebecameaconfidantofKublaiKhan(1214-1294).HetraveledthewholeofChinaandreturnedtotellthetale,whichbecamethegreatesttravelogue.I.Pre-readingWhatarenavigationalinstruments?●Navigationalinstrumentswerebuiltintheageofexplorationtoguidetheexplorerstotheirdestinations.●navigationalinstrument-aninstrumentusedfornavigating◇artificialhorizon,flightindicator,gyrohorizon-anavigationalinstrumentbasedonagyroscope;providesanartificialhorizonforthepilot◇compass-navigationalinstrumentforfindingdirections◇depthfinder-navigationalinstrumentusedtomeasurethedepthofabodyofwater(asbyultrasoundorradar)◇inclinometer-aninstrumentshowingtheanglethatanaircraftmakeswiththehorizon◇instrument-adevicethatrequiresskillforproperuse◇asdic,echosounder,sonar-ameasuringinstrumentthatsendsoutanacousticpulseinwaterandmeasuresdistancesintermsofthetimefortheechoofthepulsetoreturn;sonarisanacronymforsoundnavigationranging;asdicisanacronymforanti-submarinedetectioninvestigationcommitteeII.ReadingforformsReadthetextSAILINGTHEOCEANSonpage12to:cut/thesentenceintothoughtgroups,blackenthepredicative,darkentheconnectivesandunderlinealltheusefulexpressions.SAILINGTHEOCEANSWemaywellwonder/howseamenexploredtheoceans/beforelatitude/andlongitudemadeitpossible/toplotaship'sposition/onamap．Thevoyagesoftravelers/beforethe17thcentury/showthat/theywerenotatthemercyofthesea/eventhoughtheydidnothavemodernnavigationalaids．So/howdidtheynavigatesowell?Readthesepages/fromanencyclopedia．Pagel：UsingnaturetohelpKeepingalongsidethecoastlineThisseemstohavebeenthefirst/andmostusefulformofexploration/whichcarriedtheminimumamountofrisk．UsingcelestialbodiesNorthStarAttheNorthPole/theNorthStarisatitshighestposition/inthesky,butattheequator/itisalongthehorizon．So/accomplishednavigatorswereabletouseit/toplottheirpositions．SunOnaclearday/especiallyduringthesummer/thesailorscouldusethesun/overhead/atmiddaytonavigateby．Theycanusetheheightofthesun/toworkouttheirlatitude．CloudsSeacaptainsobservedtheclouds/overislands.Thereisaspecialcloudformation/whichindicates/thereisland/closeby.UsingwildlifeSeaweedSailorsoftensawseaweed/inthesea/andcouldtell/bythecolour/andsmell/howlongithadbeenthere．Ifitwasflesh/andsmelledstrongly，then/theshipwasclosetoland．BirdsSeabirdscouldbeusedtoshowtheway/toland/whenitwasnowheretobeseen．Intheevening/nestingbirdsreturntoland/andtheirnests．So/seamencouldfollowthebirds/toland/eveniftheywereoffshore/andintheopensea．UsingtheweatherFogFoggathersatsea/aswellasoverstreams/orrivers．Seamenusedit/tohelpidentifythepositionofastream/orriver/whentheywereclosetoland．WindsWiseseamenusedthewinds/todirecttheirsailing．Theycouldacceleratethespeed，buttheycouldalsobedangerous．So/theVikingswouldobservethewinds/before/andduringtheiroutward/orreturnjourneys．UsingtheseaCertaintides/andcurrentscouldbeused/byskillfulsailors/tocarryships/totheirdestination.Theseskillshelpedsailors/exploretheseas/anddiscovernewlands．Theyincreasedtheirability/tonavigatenewseas/whentheyusedinstruments．page2:UsingnavigationalinstrumentstohelpFindinglongitudeTherewasnosecuremethodofmeasuringlongitude/untilthe17thcentury/whentheBritishsolvedthistheoreticalproblem．Nobodyknewthat/theearthmovedwestwards/15degree