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•虚拟语气•前言：英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。•1．陈述语气•表示谓语动词所表达的动作或状态是符合客观现实的，也就是说把动作或状态作事实表达出来。•e.g.Theyellowleavesarefallingintheautumnwind.•2．祈使语气•表示号召、命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等。•e.g.Letmehelpyou.•3.虚拟语气•第一节概述•虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话是某种愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测、建议、可能或纯粹空想，而不是当作客观现实中的真实事件。所以虚拟语气总是与假设条件句用在一起。虚拟语气的条件句与真实条件从句的最大差别在于时态不同，真实条件句的条件（从句或结论主句）均采用陈述语气。虚拟（条件）语气中，主句与从句中谓语动词的形式可分为下面三类：◆★☆条件从句结果主句与现在事实相反IfI(we,you,he,sheit,they,)+动词过去式（be的过去式为were），I(we,you,she,It,they)+woulddo与过去事实相反IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)had+过去分词，I(we,you,he,she,it,they,)+wouldhave+P.P与将来事实相反A：一般过去式B：weretodosth.C:should+动词原形，主语would+dosth.条件从句结果主句与现在事实相反IfI(we,you,he,sheit,they,)+动词过去式（be的过去式为were）I(we,you,she,It,they)+woulddo与过去事实相反IfI(we,you,he,she,it,they)had+过去分词I(we,you,he,she,it,they,)+wouldhave+P.P与将来事实相反A：一般过去式B：weretodosth.C:should+动词原形主语would+dosth.•E.g.IfIwereyou,Iwouldacceptthemoneyofferedbyher.•Ifhehadbeenhereyesterday,hewouldhavehelpedus.•Ifitsnowedtomorrow,•Ifitweretosnowtomorrow,Iwouldn’tgoto•2.上面几种假设类型中，主句与从句的谓语动词形式应前后呼应；如果•主句与从句的动作发生的时间不一致，谓语动词形式应做适当调整。•1.IfIhadworkedharderatschool,I__inacomfortableofficenow.•A.wouldhavesatB.hadsatC.wouldbesittingD.wouldsit•2．Ifyouhadspokentohimlasttimeyousawhim,youwouldknowwhattodonow.partywithyou.IfitshouldsnowtomorrowD•IfIhadabike(now),Iwouldhavelentittoyouyesterday.•假如我有自行车，昨天早就借给你了。（主句与过去事实相反，从句•与现在事实相反。）•HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,•he______ourchairmannow.•A)musthavebeenB)wouldhavebeen•C)wereD)wouldbe•正确答案是D）•3.条件从句中，谓语动词“be”的过去时一般用“were”，例：IfIwere•you,Iwouldnt'thaveboughtthatcar.•如果我是你，我就不会把那部汽车买下。•4.有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示•如“butfor”，“without”•及“butthat”和“supposing”特表示让步假设：•Butforyourhelp,Iwouldfail.（若没你的帮助，我就会失败。）•Withoutthemoney,Iwouldnotbealive.（要是没有那笔钱，我•现在不会活在人世。）•6.有的条件从句可以不用连词if，而是把were,had,或should移动•到主语前，即从句用Were/Had/Should+主语•如：HadIarrivedearlier,Iwouldhavemethim.(=IfIhadarrivedearlier,Iwouldhavemethim.)WereIyou=___?•Shoulditsnowtomorrow=Ifitshouldsnowtomorrow•Wereittosnowtomorrow=Ifitweretosnowtomorrow.••★☆☆7.在以wish所引导的宾语从句中，其谓语动词多用虚拟语气。•①与现在事实相反，用were或动词的一般过去式。E.g.Iwishshewerehere.•②与过去事实相反，用had+p.p.或would/could+have+p.p.e.g.Iwishshehadtakenmyadvice.•③将来没有把握或不大可能实现的愿望，用would/should(could,might)+动词原形。E.g.Iwishyouwouldgowithustomorrow.•Exercises•1.A:Youhavemadesomemistakes.•B:IwishI____mistakeseveryday.•A.don’tmakeB.haven’tmadeC.wouldn’thavemadeD.didn’tmake•2.A:Whatwouldyouwishtodoifyouwereacollegestudentagain?D•B:It’shardtosay,butIwishI_____.•A:hasnotstudiedcomputerB.didstudycomputerC.hadstudiedcomputerD.studiedcomputer•8.一些表示提议、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于它们本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样。这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。•这些词可分为下列几类：•1)下列动词后“that”引导的宾语从句：•suggest（建议），propose（提议），recommend（建议），advise（建议），insist（坚持），urge（极力主张、敦•促），ask，require，request（要求），demand，desire，order，command，（命令）decide，intend（打算），prefer（宁愿）。D•E.g.Theyinsistedthatwegothereatonce.（他们坚持马上走。）/Sheurged•thatwetakeactiononthismatterimmediately.（她敦促我们•立即对这件事采取行动。）/WhenIsuggestedthathetryshaving•cream,hesaid,“Therazorandwaterdothejob.”（当我建•议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。）•Exercises•1.Thesmileonherfacesuggeststhatshe____happy.•A.beB.shouldbeC.wasD.is•2.HeinsistedthatTom____themoney.•A.stealB.shouldstealC.stealingD.hadstolenDD•9.wouldrather+dosth.thandosth.Sb+动词过去式（与现在或将来事实相反had+过去分词（与过去事实相反）Hewouldrathervisitusthatstayathome.Iwouldratherhevisitedustoday.hevisitedustomorrow.hehadvisitedusyesterday.