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Unit1FriendshipDirect&IndirectSpeechstatementsandquestionsUnit1Grammar当我们想引述别人说的话时有两种表达方式：直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。下面我们就直接引语和间接引语进行详细的讲解。T:Whatdidyoueatthismorning?S1:Iate…T:WhatdidS1say,S2?S2:S1saidhe/shehadeaten…directspeechindirectspeechShesaid,“ChinahasbeenusingPSAs(公益广告)toeducatepeople.”ShesaidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.indirectspeechdirectspeechWhat’rethedifferencesbetweendirectspeechandindirectspeech?Differencesdirectspeechindirectspeech◆Toreportwhatexactlyhasbeensaid◆Thewordsusuallyappearinquotationmarks◆Toreportthemeaningofwhathasbeensaidwithoutusingtheexactwords◆NoquotationmarksHowtochangedirectspeechintoindirectspeech?a.Changewhathasbeensaidtoanobjectclauseoraninfinitivephrase;b.Changepersonalpronouns;c.Changetenses;d.Changeadverbialsoftimeandplace;e.Othercases.Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.Hesaidtome,“I’veleftmybookinyourroom.Hetoldmethathehadlefthisbookinmyroom.b.Changepersonalpronouns:Isaidtoher,“Ihavedonemybest.”ItoldherthatIhaddonemybest.DirectspeechIndirectspeechDirectspeechIndirectspeechSimplepresentSimplefuturePresentcontinuousPastperfectSimplepastPresentperfectcontinuousPresentperfectPastcontinuousPastperfectPastperfectFutureinthepastPastperfectPastperfectcon-tinuousc.ThechangesofthetensesSimplepastHesaid,“Ilostakeyhereyesterday.”Hesaidthathehadlostakeytherethedaybefore/thepreviousday.“Ireadthebookhereaweekago,”Janesaidtohim.Janetoldhimthatshehadreadthebookthereaweekbefore.d.ChangeadverbialsoftimeandplaceDirectspeechIndirectspeechnowthentodaythatday/yesterday/onSaturday,etc.tomorrowthenextday/thefollowingday/onTuesday,etc.yesterdaythedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTuesday,etc.nextweektheweekafter/thefollowingweek,etc.lastyeartheyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etc.aweekagoaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.DirectspeechIndirectspeechthisthatthesethoseheretherecomegobringtakee.OthercasesShesaid,“I’llcomehereagaintonight.”Shesaidshewouldgothereagainthatnight.Hesaid,“Iwantthis.”Hesaidthathewantedthat.MaysaidtoTom,“I’llbringsomephotosheretoyoutomorrow.”MaytoldTomshewouldtakesomephotostheretohimthenextday.由直接引语转变为间接引语,下列情况时态不变:1.不变的真理Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Waterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0℃.”→Theteachertoldthestudentsthatwaterfreezeswhenthetemperaturefallsbelow0℃.2.经常的习惯：Hesaidtothedoctor,“Ismoketwopackseveryday.”→Hetoldthedoctorthathesmokestwopackseveryday.3.历史事件：Theteachersaid,“WorldWarⅡendedin1945.”→TheteachersaidthatWorldWarⅡendedin1945.4.部分情态动词,如must,oughtto,usedto,hadbetter等：Shesaidtome,“Youmusthurryup.”→ShesaidthatImusthurryup.1.转述他人的陈述→陈述句→SheaskedmewhatIwasdoing.Hesaid,“I’mgoingtoBeijing.”→HesaidthathewasgoingtoBeijing.Heasked,“Areyouateacher?”→Heaskedmeif/whetherIwasateacher.Shesaid,“Whatareyoudoing?”2.转述他人的疑问→一般疑问句3.转述他人的问题→特殊疑问句解题步骤:1.陈述句:“Idon’tlikecomputers,”Sarahsaidtoherfriends.SarahsaidtoherfriendsthatIdon’tlikecomputers.tolddidn’tsheSarahtoldherfriendsthatshedidn’tlikecomputers.2.一般疑问句:Isiteasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil?(Theyaskedhim)TheyaskedhimifItiseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.itiseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.askediswasTheyaskedhimifitwaseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.Tomsaid(that)therewasn’tanytroubleandthathewaswaitingforhischange.注意:当两个或两个以上的宾语从句并列时,仅能省略第一个that,其余的不能省略。Tomsaid,“Thereisn’tanytroubleandI’mwaitingformychange(零钱).”3.特殊疑问句：Whendoyouharvestthewheat?(Theyaskedhim)Theyaskedhimwhenyouharvestthewheatyouharvestthewheat.heharvestedTheyaskedhimwhenheharvestedthewheat.harvested直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)陈述句Janesaid,“I’mveryfondoftraveling.”一般疑问句“Isthisyourumbrella,Mary?”askedJohn.that引导的宾语从句Janesaidthatshewasveryfondoftraveling.whether/if引导的宾语从句JohnaskedMaryifthatwasherumbrella.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)特殊疑问句“Mary,whenwillyoureturnmethebook?”askedJohn.祈使句Theofficersaidtohim,“Don’tleaveyourpost.”wh-词引导的宾语从句JohnaskedMarywhenshewouldreturnhimthebook.不定式Theofficerorderedhimnottoleavehispost.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)Let’s开头的祈使句Isaidtohim,“Let’sstartatonce.”感叹句Hesaid:“HowhappyIam!”that引导的宾语从句Isuggestedtohimthatwe(should)startatonce.that/what/how引导的宾语从句Hesaidthathewasveryhappy.Hesaidhowhappyhewas.由直接引语转变为间接引语,有时会引起时态的变化,注意以下几个方面。直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般现在时或现在完成时Sheoftensays,“Allmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.”从句动词时态不变Sheoftensaysthatallmenandwomenareequalunderthelaw.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般过去时引语时态为:从句动词时态相应变化从句时态变为:一般现在时“Iknowit,”hesaid.一般过去时Hesaidthatheknewit.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般过去时引语时态为:从句动词时态相应变化从句时态变为:现在进行时“I’mmakingcoffeeforyouall,”shesaid.过去进行时Shesaidshewasmakingcoffeeforusall.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般过去时引语时态为:从句动词时态相应变化从句时态变为:现在完成时“Ihaveseenherbefore,”saidhe.过去完成时Hesaidhehadseenherbefore.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般过去时引语时态为:从句动词时态相应变化从句时态变为:现在完成进行时Hesaid,“Ihavebeendoingitforhours.”过去完成进行时Hesaidhehadbeendoingitforhours.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般过去时引语时态为:从句动词时态相应变化从句时态变为:一般过去时“IsawherlastMonday,”hesaid.过去完成时HesaidhehadseenherthepreviousMonday.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般过去时引语时态为:从句动词时态相应变化从句时态变为:过去进行时“IwaswaitingforJim,”shesaid.过去完成进行时ShesaidshehadbeenwaitingforJim.直接引语(变化前)间接引语(变化后)主句动词为一般过去时引语时态为:从句动词时态相应变化从句时态变为:过去完成时“DoyouknowRic