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GrammarNon-finiteverbs非谓语动词tododoingdone1.作主语tododoing不定式做主语一般表示具体的,将来的,有意识的动作动名词表示抽象的,无意识的,习惯性的倾向Itisapleasuretohelpothers**在主系表结构中,主语和表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致Toseeistobelieve/seeingisbelieving.Itisnousecryingoversplitmilk.Thereisnohidingofevilbutnottodoit.2.作宾语1)只能用不定式做宾语的词:动词的宾语也可以是疑问词加动词不定式(除了why之外)Idon’tknowwhattodo.want,wish,hope,agree,promise,manage,learnask,expect,mean,decide,pretend,refuse等.2)只能用动名词做宾语的词:mind,enjoy,giveupavoid,admit,finish,escape,practise,suggest,insiston,can’thelp,objecttoconsiderHewantstoavoid_______________犯同样的错误___________受惩罚makingthesamemistakebeingpunished3)可接动名词也可接不定式,起不同意义的词forget,mean,remember,try4)need,want,require后跟动名词的主语形式表示被动意义LosingheartmeanslosingeverythingIdidnotmeantohurtyou.requiresTheroomwantsneedstobecleanedcleaning3)作表语tododoingdone＊AllthatIwantistolearnfrompractice.＊HisfavoritesportisplayingbasketballPlayingbasketballishisfavoritesport＊Heisdisappointed.＊Heisdisappointing.他很失望他令人失望4)作定语tododoingdone＊不定式作定语表示尚未发生的事Ihavethreeletterstowrite.doing动名词作前置定语表示用途分词作定语与所修饰的词逻辑上有主谓关系，相当于一个定语从句。表示主动，进行.aswimmingpoolaflyingbird=apoolforswimmingabirdthatisflying=donevt.被动+完成vi.完成Thedestroyedhousewillberebuiltnextyear.ThehousewhichhasbeendestroyedfallenleavestheleaveswhichhavefallenThelibrary________nextyear________lastyear________atpresent___thebiggestoneinourcity．tobebuiltbuiltbeingbuiltwillbeis5)作状语tododoingdone*动词不定式可以作目的，原因和结果状语Icameheretoseeyou.inorderto/soasto目的状语Nicetomeetyou．原因状语Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.结果状语分词作状语表示时间，原因，让步，结果，方式和伴随情况。其逻辑主语须与句子主语一致。主动用doing，被动用done＊Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.原因＊Theteacherstoodtheresurroundedbythestudents.方式＊Hewentout,leavinghishomeworkundone.Heleaving＊Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.thetreesGiven条件*Timepermitting，IwillfinishanotherlessonTime当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语*Whilereadingthebook，henoddedfromtimetotime.＊表示时间的分词短语可以when或while引导6)作补语tododoingdone＊Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.＊Isawhimgoingupstairs.＊Isawaboattiedtoabigtree.在ask,tell,expect,force,invite,beg后面作宾语时，常单独使用to，避免重复．Hedidn’tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto.Theend