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分词不定式动名词非谓语动词Explanation1.概念:在英语中,不能单独做句子的谓语,而是担任其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词.tododoingdoingdone作用种类主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式√√√√√√动名词√√√√××分词××√√√√2.非谓语动词在句子中的作用1.不定式和动名词做主语Toseehimisnoteasythistime.Climbingmountainsisveryinteresting.1.作主语tododoing不定式做主语一般表示具体的,将来的,有意识的动作.动名词做主语表示抽象的,无意识的,习惯性的倾向.1).日常英语中,特别是当主语较长而谓语较短时,常用it做形式主语,而将不定式放在后边.e.g.:Itishumantowantsomethingbetter.精益求精是人的特性.2).在It’snouse(或good,need)…或It’suseless(或worthwhile)…等结构中,常用it做形式主语,动名词放后边做真正的主语.ItisapleasuretohelpothersItisnousecryingoversplitmilk.Itisnousesendinghimover.在主,系表结构中,主语和表语所采用的非谓语形式要一致Toseeistobelieve/seeingisbelieving.3).简短的揭示语中常用动名词Nosmoking.2.不定式和动名词做宾语1).有些动词只能用动词不定式做宾语.如:hope,want,wish,decide,agree,promise,manage,learnask,expect,mean,decide,pretend,refuse等.动词的宾语也可以是疑问词加动词不定式(除了why之外)Idon’tknowwhattodo.Haveyoudecidedwheretogo?2).有些动词只能用动名词做宾语.如:mind,enjoy,giveupavoid,admit,finish,escape,practise,suggest,insiston,can’thelp,objectto,consider等Hewantstoavoidmakingthesamemistakebeingpunished_______________犯同样的错误___________受惩罚3).有些动词既能用动词不定式又能用动名词做宾语.如:begin,like,forget,mean,remember,try等,但意义有所不同.LosingheartmeanslosingeverythingIdidnotmeantohurtyou.4)need,want,require后跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义cleaningrequiresTheroomwantsneedstobecleaned※介词的宾语一般多用动名词而动词不定式只是在个别介词后面以“连接词+不定式”的形式出现Heisfondofswimming.Hehashisownideaofhowtodoit.3.动词不定式,动名词,分词都可做表语.3)作表语tododoingdone＊AllthatIwantistolearnfrompractice.＊Hisfavoritesportisplayingbasketball.＊Heisdisappointed.他很失望⑴动词不定式和动名词做表语的区别与做主语时一样⑵现在分词做表语,具有主动的含义,而过去分词做表语具有被动的含义.e.g.:Theworkwastiring.Theworkersweresoontired.Thesituationisencouraging.形势令人鼓舞.Thebookiswellwritten.这本书写得很好.(3)做表语的不定式有时可以省略符号“to”这时在主语部分必须含有动词do,而做表语的不定式是解释do的精确意思;且这个to也可以不省略.AllIdidwas(to)givehimalittlepush.我只是稍稍推了他一下.Whatwewanttodonowis(to)liedownandrest.4.动词不定式,动名词和分词都可做定语4)作定语tododoingdone＊不定式作定语一般表将来Ihavethreeletterstowrite.动词不定式做定语时,被修饰的名词多为它的逻辑宾语;如果动词不定式是不及物动词时,要带介词,构成及物动词短语.Thereisawarmroomtolivein.doing动名词作前置定语表示用途现在分词作定语与所修饰的词逻辑上有主谓关系，相当于一个定语从句。表示主动，进行.或当时的状态等;aswimmingpoolaflyingbird=apoolforswimmingabirdthatisflying=Iknowthemanstandingthere.Isthereanythingplannedfortonight?done被动+完成完成Thedestroyedhousewillberebuiltnextyear.Thehousewhichhasbeendestroyedfallenleavestheleaveswhichhavefallen过去分词则常表示“被动动作发生在谓语动词的动作前”等Thelibrary________nextyear________lastyear________atpresent___thebiggestoneinourcity．tobebuiltbuiltbeingbuiltwillbeis5.动词不定式和分词都可做状语5)作状语tododoingdone*动词不定式可以作目的，原因和结果状语Icameheretoseeyou.inorderto/soasto目的状语Nicetomeetyou．原因状语Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.结果状语⑴动词不定式在某些形容词后(如good,sorry,pleased等)作原因状语(也有人认为是宾语)Iamgladtomeetyou.⑵分词做时间,原因或条件状语时,通常位于句子的前部;做方式,伴随或结果状语时,通常位于句子的后部.Walkinginthestreet,Isawher.(时间状语)Theparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.(结果状语)3).分词作状语表示时间，原因，让步，结果，方式和伴随情况。其逻辑主语须与句子主语一致。主动用doing，被动用done＊Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.原因＊Theteacherstoodtheresurroundedbythestudents.方式＊Hewentout,leavinghishomeworkundone.Heleaving＊Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.thetreesGiven条件*Timepermitting，IwillfinishanotherlessonTime当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语*Whilereadingthebook，henoddedfromtimetotime.＊表示时间的分词短语可以when或while引导6.动词不定式和分词都可做补足语6)作补语tododoingdoneHeaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.Isawhimgoingupstairs.Isawaboattiedtoabigtree.在ask,tell,expect,force,invite,beg后面作宾语时，常单独使用to，避免重复．Hedidn’tcome,thoughwehadinvitedhimto.