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PassiveVoice1.英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)2.汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。1)当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.”(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。2)突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3)当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.3.主动语态变被动语态的方法Wecleantheclassroomeveryday.主语谓语宾语→Theclassroomiscleaned(byus)everyday.主语谓语宾语1)把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。2)把主动语态的谓语变成被动语态的be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。3)把主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。4.Exercises1)Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.2)Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.3)Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.4)Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.5)Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.6)Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown7)WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.8)Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.5.被动语态常用时态的形式1)主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。现列表如下：一般现在时：am/is/are+P.P.一般过去时：was/were+P.P.一般将来时：shall/will+be+P.P.现在进行时：am/is/are+being+P.P.过去进行时：was/were+being+P.P.现在完成时：have/has+been+P.P.过去完成时：had+been+P.P.情态动词的被动语态：can+be+P.P.2)get/come/go+P.P.这种结构多用于口语中，后面一般不接by短语(1)Tomysurprise,hedidnot_____whenhefellfromthetree.A.gethurtB.gethurtingC.gettohurtD.gethurted(2)Mywatch_____whileIwasplayingbasketball.A.getbreakingB.getbrokeC.getbrokenD.Breaking(3)Thebuttonsonmycoat_____.A.cameundoneB.camedoC.comeundoneD.comesdoing(4)Thewomen’scomplaints____.A.wentunnoticedB.gounnoticedC.wentnoticingD.gonoticing3)短语动词的被动语态动词短语是一个不可分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词(1)Anotice_____onthewall.A.willbeputupB.willputupC.willbeputtingupD.willput(2)Goodcare______thechildren.A.mustbetakenofB.mustbetakenC.musttakeofD.mustbetakingof6.语态转换时所注意的问题1)把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2)含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.Mybikewaslenttoher.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)Themeatwascookedforus.Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。Heaskmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)3)由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.4)带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples.5)还有一种短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：(1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.(2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。6)当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.7)当否定句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.8)以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?9)有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily,smoothly等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，时态多用一般现在时或一般过去时，常见的有：carry,drive,lock,pick,shut,wear,tear,write,read,clean,sell,was