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分词1.分词是动词的一种非限定形式。分为现在分词和过去分词。分词具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带宾语、状语。分词的否定形式是在分词前加not(notknowing,nothavingreceived,nothavingbeengiven)例如：Havinghurriedthroughhisbreakfast,hewenttoschool.(现在分词完成式）Themanbeinginterviewedisascientist.Whenaskedsuchastrangequestion,hedidn’tknowhowtoanswer.Notknowinghisnumber,Ididn’tgetintouchwithhim(否定式)2现在分词与过去分词的区别现在分词与过去分词的区别主要表在语态和时间概念上。在语态上，现在分词（除被动式外）表示主动意思，过去分词表示被动意思。在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词则表示动作的完成。现在分词过去分词比较:developingcountriesdevelopedcountriesthemovingstorythemovedstoryboilingwaterboiledwatertherisingsuntherisensunthefallingautumnleavesthefallenautumnleaves有些过去分词只表示动作的完成，例如therisensunthefallenautumnleavesaretiredworkeraescapedprisoner有些过去分词只表示动作的被动，例如aman-madesatelliteguidedmissile(导弹)3.分词的语法功能：1）作定语：Abarkingdogseldombites.Iboughtsomepaintedchairs.Weattendedthemeetingheldlastweek.2)作表语:现在分词表示主语所具有的特征,过去分词表示主语所处的状态Themusicismuchpleasingtotheear.Hewaslostinthought.Theelectricwireisbroken.Ourclassroomiscrowded.3)作宾语补足语：分词一般只在两类动词后作补语，感觉、感官动词：seeobservenoticewatchhearsmelllistentolookatfeelfind使役、致使动词：catchsethavemakegetstartleavekeep此用法中:现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，过去分词表示已完成的被动意义ShesmeltsomethingburningListentothebirdsinginginthegardenHeheardhisnamedcalledShefeltagreatloadtakenoffhermindTheteachercaughttheboycheatingintheexaminationHemanagedtogetitdoneontimeShestillcouldn’tmakeherselfunderstoodinEnglishHecouldn’tmakehimselfbelievedmake后的宾语补足语只用过去分词，不能用现在分词ThejokesetthemalllaughingHiswordsetusthinkingdeeplyset后的宾语补足语只用现在分词，不能用过去分词4)作状语：作时间状语,相当于when引导的从句Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghaiSeenfromthetopofthetower,ourcityismorebeautiful作原因状语相当于as,since,because引导的从句Beingamonitor,heworksharderthantheothersTherebeingnobusesinthestreet,wehadtowalkhome作条件状语相当于if,unless引导的从句Turningtotheright,youwillfindapathleadingtohishouseGivenanotherchance,I’lldoitmuchbetter作结果状语相当于sothat引导的从句Theoldscientistdiedsuddenly,leavinghisprojectunfinishedHeturnedoffthelamp,seeingnothing作让步状语,相当于although,evenif引导的从句Admittingwhathesaid,Istillthinkhehasn’ttriedhisbest作伴随状语不能用从句替换，但可改写成并列句Hewalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimselfTheprofessorenteredthelab,followedbyhisstudentsHeturnedaway,disappointed4.过去分词的时间意义1)发生在谓语动词的动作之前IsthisthebookwrittenbyHenryJames?Halfofthepeopleinvitedwerescientists.2)与谓语动词的动作相应的经常性动作Hewasateacherrespectedbyhisstudents.3)一个正在进行的被动动作,用being+过去分词结构Thematterbeingdiscussedisofimportance.4)一个将来的被动动作用Hewasinvitedtoameetingtobeheldthenextday.