Grammaticalgeneralization非谓语动词用法锦集presentparticiple(v.-ing)pastparticiple(v.-ed)theinfinitive(todo)谓语:说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。e.g.Heworks.Hetakescareofthebaby.HewillgotoShanghai.Hedidn’tgotoShanghai.HehasgonetoShanghai.Youarestudents.Youlooksmart.单谓语或动词短语情态动词/助动词+v.系动词+表语非谓语:无人称,数的变化,不单独作谓语,但保留动词特点,可以有宾语或状语,主要包括不定式,ving形式以及过去分词。e.g.Heworks.Hewantstoworkhere.Iwanttoworkhere.Youarestudents,soyoudon’tworkinthefactory.Beingstudents,youdon’tworkinthefactory.非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)1、动词不定式在句子中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语。2、动名词在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。3、分词在句子中可作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。Theinfinitive(todo)不定式不受人称和数的限制,但有体和态的变化(以write为例)(一般式)towrite/tobewritten(进行体)tobewriting(完成体)tohavewritten/tohavebeenwritten(完成进行)tohavebeenwriting语法功能(grammaticalfunctions)S主语O宾语Attr定语P表语Oc宾补Adv状语⑴不定式作主语Teachingistolearn.Toteachislearning.Itistolearntoteach.Toteachistolearn.但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用Itis…to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如:Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.It'sverykindofyoutohelpus.他帮助我们,他真好。不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.It'ssonicetohearyourvoice.听到你的声音真高兴。往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面例如:⑵不定式作宾语,大致上有三种情况。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和汤姆谈话。askchoosehelplike/loveneedwantwish②有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:Heofferedtohelpme.他表示愿意帮助我。Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。agreedecidedemanddeterminepretendmanageplanrefuseexpectintendhopefaillearnmean①有些不及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为:动词+不定式。例如:③有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如Hisdreamistobeadoctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生。Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清扫房间。不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:不定式作表语Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersthatIcan'tdecidewhichtobuy.Pleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。decideknowconsiderforgetlearnremembershowwonderexplaintell⑷不定式作定语①目的状语常用结构为todo,onlytodo(仅仅为了),inorderto,soastodo,so(such)…asto…(如此…以便…)。⑸不定式作状语Therewasnothingtobringhomethatmorning.那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。Ihavealotofworktodo.我有许多事要做。不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:例如:Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.Youwilldowelltospeakmorecarefully.(4)表示条件Shewepttoseethesight.她一看到这情形就哭了。I'mgladtoseeyou.见到你很高兴。②作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒来发现箱子不见了。Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.③表原因Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.v.-ing(一般式)repairing(被动式)beingrepaired(完成式)havingrepaired(完成被动)havingbeenrepairedv.-ing也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词repair为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征。语法功能(grammaticalfunctions)Subject主语Object宾语Attribute定语Predicative表语Objectcomplement宾补Adverbial状语基本意义:①主动的关系②正在发生的动作或持续的状态1)作主语。appreciateconsiderimagineenjoyescapefinishavoidsuggestmindmisspracticekeepface包括单个的分词和分词短语/分句两种形式,语法上都相当于单数名词。例如:FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.Beatingachilddoesmoreharmthangood.Yourfallingintotheriverwastheclimaxofourplay.2)作宾语a.有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如:b.有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如:prefer…tobeusedtoleadtodevoteoneselftoWouldyoumindturningdownyourradioalittle,please?Thesquirrelwasluckythatitjustmissedbeingcaught.这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。3)作表语(主语补语),有些v.-ing作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如:boilingpoint=atemperaturepointatwhichsth.beginstoboil沸点Englishspeakingcountry=thecountrywherepeoplespeakingEnglishTheboyclimbingthattreeismynephew.②表示所修饰名词正在做某事aswimmingpool=apoolforswimming游泳池awritingdesk=adeskusedforwriting写字台例如:①表示所修饰名词事物的用途。4)作定语。比较:Sheiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.Herjobiswashing,cleaningandtakingcareofthechildren.她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。对主语的内容进行说明、解释。5)宾补(S+V+O+OC)Theoldmanfellasleepquickly,holdingabookinhishand.(可用with介词短语代换)Beingahardworkingyoungman,heispraisedbyallhisfriends.①逻辑主语即句子主语②可在句中表时间、原因、条件、伴随等意义6)状语Inoticedanoldmancrossingtheroad.(分词短语表动作正在发生)ItaughthimspeakingEnglish.(相当于名词)练习我习惯了做这种工作。Iamusedtodoingthiskindofwork.看到前面坐着这么多人,他感到很紧张。Seeingsomanypeoplesittinginfront,hefeltverynervous.他在四川住过许多年,对那里的情况很了解。HavinglivedinSichuanformanyyears,heknewthereverywell.Pastparticiple(v.-ed)语法功能:Attribute定语Predicative表语Objectcomplement宾补Adverbial状语基本意义:①及物动词常带有被动的意义和完成的意义②不及物动词仅表完成的意义Attribute定语⑴单个分词做前置定语thespokenwordaspeakingbirdarecordedtalkarecordingmachinewrittenlanguagewritingpaper不及物动词很少能单独做前置定语,仅限于下列示例:aretiredworkerfallenleavestherisensunPredicative表语分词作表语多是由形容词化的短语构成的,被动和完成的意义并不明显。如:beinterestedbeconcernedwithbeaddictedtobecoveredwithbedrunkAbentbackmeansabackthatisbent.Objectcomplement宾补可以带分词作宾补的动词主要有以下两类:②make,get,have,keep等表“致使”意义的动词Heistryingtomakehimselfunderstood.①see,hear,feel,find,think等表感觉和心理状态的动词Weallfoundhergreatlychanged.Adverbial状语可在句中表时间、原因、条件、伴随等意义Deeplymoved,hethankedheragainandagain.(原因)United,westand;divided,wefall.(条件)-ing分词和-ed分词的特殊用法⑴分词作插入语分词作插入语的结构是固定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如:generallyspeaking一般说来talkingof(speakingof)说到…strictlyspeaking严格的说judgingfrom从…判断allthingsconsidered从整体来看例如:Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.总的来说,狗比猪跑得快。⑵独立主格独立主格结构的构成:名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词;独立主格结构的特点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。②名词或代词与后面的分词是主谓关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。例如:Thetestfinished,webeganourholiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.天气允许,我们明天去看你。Themeetinggoneo