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theattributiveclause定语从句一）定义及相关术语1.定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2.先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3.关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分e.g.Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning2．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Mr.Liuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday4．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Theperson(that/whom)youintroducedtomeisverykind.Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.5．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.注意：１．含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.（误）Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.（误）TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.主语和谓语一致在“oneofthe+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。例如：Thisisoneofthebestbooksthathaveeverbeenwrittenonthesubject.在“theonlyoneofthe+复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。例如：Thisistheonlyoneofthebestbooksthathaseverbeenwrittenonthesubject.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewupGreatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.定语从句限制性非限制性形式上不用“，”与主句隔开。用“，”与主句隔开。意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句失去意义或意思表达不完整只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上A．作宾语时可省略A．不可省略B．可用thatB．不用thatC．可用who代替whomC．不可用who代替whomTheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.限制性定语从句举例：非限制性定语从句举例：Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1．当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,all,none,few,little,some等代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Lisaid?Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：Anymanthat/whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.2．当先行词被序数词修饰时。ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3．当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.4．当先行词被thevery,theonly修饰时。ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Tomistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting.5．当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6．当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool***当关系词后面有插入语时，用which引导定语从句。如：HereistheEnglishgrammarbookwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelptoimproveyourEnglish.***先行词本身是that时，一般用which引导定语从句。如：Thepredicateisthatwhichissaidofthesubject.关系代词as和which引导的定语从句1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有“正如、正像”的含义。Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.TomhasbeentoParismorethantentimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。Tomwaslateforschoo