GrammarRevision名词(Nouns)一、分类(Classification)A:专有名词(Propernouns)B:普通名词(Commonnouns)Countablenouns(可数名词)Uncountablenouns(不可数名词)IndividualNouns(个体名词)CollectiveNouns(集体名词)AbstractNouns(抽象名词)MaterialNouns(物质名词)二、数(Number)A:Singularnumber(单数)B:Pluralnumber(复数)(1)一般的词,包括元音字母加y结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s(2)以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的词在词尾加-es(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i再加-es(4)以f或fe结尾的词,应变f或fe为v再加-es1.规则名词单复数变化:2.不规则名词单复数变化:(1)单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,works(工厂),aircraft,spacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,Swiss(2)改变字母:man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen,saleswoman--saleswomen,foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,Mouse--Mice,abacus--abaci(或abacuses),phenomenon--phenomena另:penny(pence或pennies)(3)增加字母:child--children,ox--oxen(4)以o结尾的词:加s:photo,radio,piano,zoo,studio,bamboo,tobacco,kangroo加es:tomato,potato,hero,Negro,dingo另:zero(zeros或zeroes)(5)以f或fe结尾的词:直接加s:roof,proof,belief,chief,gulf,变f为v再加es:life,wife,knife,half,leaf,wolf,thief另外:handkerchief(handkerchiefs或handkerchieves)beef(beeves菜牛、beefs怨言;牢骚)3.名词单复数的特殊情况:(1)集体名词只用作复数:police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),machinery,wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数:family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,party,club,company,government,committee,audience,enemy(4)只有复数形式的名词:clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,handcuffs,pincers,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,forces,resources(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同:glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,sand–sands,snow–snows,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(时代),paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light–lights(灯),experience–experiences(经历),arm–arms(武器),iron–irons(镣铐,熨斗),compass(指南针)–compasses(圆规),(7)姓氏后加s并带冠词,表一家人或夫妇俩:theGreens;theChengs(8)合成名词的复数形式:①将合成名词中的主体名词变为复数:looker(s)-on,passer(s)-by,mother(s)-in-law②将最后一部分变为复数:grown-up(s),go-between(s)(中间人),good-for-nothing(s)(无用之人)③含boy,girl,lady等的合成的名词:它们始终为单数,其后的名词则用复数形式。如:boystudents,girlfriends,ladydrivers④含man或woman的合成名词:它们随其后名词单复数的变化而变化。如:amandoctor,twomendoctors(9)名词只能用复数形式的短语:•doexercises(做操)•takenotes(做笔记)•taketurns(轮流)•makerepairs(搞修理)•changetrains(改换火车)•makefriendswith(交朋友)•shakehandswith(握手)•asfollows(如下)•inrags(衣衫褴褛)•indozens(成打的)(9)名词单复数形式意义相同的短语:•makefaces/aface(做鬼脸)•Havetalks/atalkwithsb.(与某人交谈)•Playjokes/ajokeon(拿…开玩笑)•Makecontributions/acontributionto(为…做贡献)(10)名词单复数意义不同的短语:•Haveawordwithsb.(与…某人说句话)•Havewordswithsb.(与…某人吵架)•Makecloth(织布)•Makeclothes(制衣)三、名词的格(Case)A:通格(Commoncase):主格(Subjectcase)宾格(Objectcase)B:所有格(Possessivecase)1.~’s属格:原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如:theteacher’sbook;thehorse’stail然而,时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也可以用~’s属格。如:today’snewspaper;thecity’stransportation①一般的名词,包括不以s结尾的复数名词,在词后加’s。如:thechildren’sbook②以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加~’。如:theteachers’office③以s结尾的专有名词的所有格,既可加~’s也可加~’。如:Engels’(s)letter④两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式,如:TomandMike’sroom若表示分别拥有时,则要在每个名词后用所有格形式,如:Tom’sandMike’srooms2.of~属格:多用于无生命现象的名词,也可用于有生命现象的名词;当一个名词有较长的定语时,就只能用of~短语来表示所有关系。如:thecoverofthebook;atoyofLiPing’syoungerbrother3.双重属格:既有~’s的属格,又有of~的属格。通常~’s属格表示所有关系,of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:用ofone’sown表示,不可用of+反身代词。例如:Thisisthehouseofmyown.四、名词的性(Gender)1.Masculine(阳性):actor,waiter,master,prince,lad,hero2.Feminine(阴性):actress,waitress,mastress,princess,lass,heroine3.Neuter(中性):teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop五、名词在句子中的作用(Function)功能例子主语Bushwaselectedpresident.表语Thesearenotgoatsbutsheep.宾语Shewasreadingabook.同位语Mr.Smith,themanager,willhostthemeeting.定语Youaresupposedtogatherattheschoolgate.补语MarxmadeLondonthebaseofrevolution.状语Thecouplewalkedshouldertoshoulder.呼语Bequiet,children.连词Themomenttheysawthetower,theycheered.2007.1.2