高考英语动词不定式高三英语课件

河北望都中学郑长年高三英语总复习语法系列训练动词不定式1构成2功能3时态4语态5省略一、动词不定式的构成一、动词不定式及不定式短语的构成主动被动一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing----------1.构成方式：2.动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前面加not(或never)构成，例如：nottogohomenottohavestudiednottobestudyingnottohavebeendone3.动词不定式前有时可加某些疑问词如：who,what,which,when,where,how,why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，如whattodonext,howtogetthere,wheretogetthebooks等。4.动词不定式还可以有自己的逻辑主语，构成另一种特殊的不定式短语，它的构成是“for/of+名词(或代词)+不定式”。如fortheyoungmentostudyEnglishforustolookforajobIt’sverykindofyoutodoso.二、动词不定式的句法功能1、主语2、宾语3、表语4、定语5、状语6、宾语补足语7、插入语动词不定式Todothatsortofthingisfoolish。Iwanttoseeyouthisevening.Allyouhavetodoistofinishitquickly.Wefoundahousetolivein.ShecameheretostudyEnglish.Iwarnedthepatientnottoeatcoldwateraftertheoperation.主语宾语表语定语状语宾补作主语Tomasteraforeignlanguageisreallyimportantnowadays.Togiveupsmokingisright.1.当今掌握一门外语真的很重要。2.放弃吸烟是对的。注意*1、动词不定式作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。例如1.Togettherebycartakesawholeday.2.Tomakeaplanforourfutureisimportant.3.It’sstillaquestionhowtogetenoughmoney.注意*2、动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而真正的主语动词不定式后置。1.Itwilltakeawholedaytogettherebycar.2.Itispossibleformetofinishtheworkinaweek.1.Itis+adj.+todostheg:Itisnotsafetodrinkthepollutedwater.Itis+adj.+ofsbtodosthforsbtodostheg:Itiskindofhimtohelp.(Heiskind.)Itisimpossibleforhimtohelpus.(Heisimpossible.x)常用it作形式主语的句型有：常用it作形式主语的句型有：2.Itisa/an+n(crime,mistake,pity,shame,goodidea)+todostheg:Itisanoffencetotakephotoshere.3.Ittakes+…todostheg:Itwouldtakeyearstorebuildthecastle.注意*3、不定式的复合结构有时为了说明不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加for/ofsb.引起的短语，构成for/ofsbtodosth.结构，其中的sb.是不定式发出者即逻辑主语。★如果前面的形容词是表示人的品行的，如：kind,good,nice,wrong,careless,wise,foolish,polite,clever…….则由of取代for。作宾语Freddidn’thaveanymoney,sohedecidedtolookforajob.Hepromisednottotellanyoneaboutit.1.Fred没有钱，所以他决定找一份工作。2.他答应不告述任何人这事。动词不定式做宾语应注意：1.某些及物动词:ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish等只能用动词不定式Tomrefusedtolendmehispen.Shehasagreedtogivehimahand.2.某些及物动词：begin,start,like,love,hate,continue,prefer可用-ing也可用动词不定式(todo)作宾语IprefertogotoParisbyair.IprefergoingtoParisbyair.3.某些及物动词：forget,meanremember,regret,try,goon,等可用-ing也可用动词不定式作宾语，但表达的意思不同Iforgettobringmyhomework.Iforgetopeningthewindows.Imean“Ididn’tbringmyhomework.”Imean“Ihaveopenedthewindows.”4.某些动词:tell,advise,show,teach,learn,know,decide,findout等，作其宾语的动词不定式前往往加一个疑问词Idon’tknowhowtocook.Hetoldmehowtogettothestation.5.及物动词want,need,require等，当其主语是“物”时，表示“需要”，常用动词不定式的被动式作宾语。(=want,need,require+doing)Yourbedroomneedstobecleaned.=Yourbedroomneedscleaning.6.wish,hope,plan,be,mean+tohavedone/hadwished….+todo表示原打算干却没能办到1.IhadmeanttogotoShanghaiyesterday,butwasdelayedbythebadweather.2.---Whydidn’tyoucometomybirthdayparty?---I’dliketohave,butIhadanunexpectedguest.7.介词后一般不直接跟动词不定式作宾语，但可用带疑问词的不定式MarxgavesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell.但but,except后可跟不定式作宾语Thebosshadnochoicebuttogivein.但当主要动词是do时，to省掉Theycoulddonothingbutwait.8、如果不定式做而后面又有一个宾语补足语，这时要用it做形式宾语，而动词不定式要放到补语后面。例如：1.Ifeelitmydutytohelpyou.2.Ioncethoughtitimpossibleforustofinishthejobinsuchalimitedtime.作表语MyjobistoteachEnglish.Toseeistobelieve.1.我的工作是教英语。2.眼见为实。作定语Doyouhaveanythingtosay?1.你有什么要说的吗?2.Betty是第一个知道这真相的人Bettywasthefirsttoknowthetruth不定式及其短语作定语只能放在名词的后面,以下名词和句型常用不定式作定语,如:chance,way,opportunity,time,thefirst,thelast,thesecond,theonly等词后,在havetodo和therebe句型中。e.g.没有人可以照看他.Thereisnoonetotakecareofher.只有五种式样可供选择.Thereareonlyfivepairstochoosefrom.动词不定式做定语应注意：1、动词不定式作定语要放在被修饰词之后Haveyougotanyquestionstoask?如被修饰词和作定语的不定式没有直接的动宾关系，不定式后应有相应的介词Ihavenochairtositin.2、当句中有不定式的逻辑主语时，作定语的动词不定式用主动形式表被动Ihavegotalotofthingstodealwith.Haveyougotanythingtoeat?不定式在以下形容词后:easy,difficult,hard,heavy,light,cheap,expensive,good,nice,safe,dangerous,important,interesting,pleasant,(im)possible,fun等。这时常用主动形式表被动意思。3、当征求对方是否有事需请求者去做时，作定语的不定式一般要用被动语态“Wouldyoupleasehavealettertobetyped,manager?”askedtheofficeworker.作状语Hespokeloudly(soas/inorder)tobeheard.Theyjumpedwithjoytohearthenews.I’mtootiredtowalkanyfurthertonight.目的状语.原因状语.结果状语adverbial(状语)1、表示目的,常用结构为：(not)todosth.(not)inordertodosth.soas(not)todosth.e.g.Weeattoliveanddon’tlivetoeat.2、表示结果(so/such…asto.,enoughto…,too…to…,onlyto)另外，only常用在不定式的前面,表示出人意料的结果,Wearrivedthereonlytofindthetraingone.Hereturnedhomeonlytofindhishousebrokeninto.Hewassofoolishastobelieveit.Hewasfoolishenoughtobelieveit.Heistooyoungtojointhearmy.3、表示原因不定式也可以用在作表语的形容词后作状语,说明产生这种情况的原因,常见的形容词有:sorry,surprised,happy,glad,eager,angry,foolish,right,wrong,slow,quick,rude,cruel,disappointed等。I’mglad/pleasedtoseeyou.Weweresurprisedtohearthenews.动词不定式做状语应注意：1.Inorderto和soasto…意义上没区别，但soasto…不能置于句首2.adj/adv+enough（forsb）to…3.too+adj/adv+to…有肯定与否定Thechildistooyoungtodresshimself.否定Sheistooanxious(ready/easy/eager/glad)toknowtheresults.肯定不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“too…to…”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eager,glad,ready,surprised,willing…Shewastoosurprisedtoseehowangryherfatherwas.2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的too…to…结构中，too的含义为very，不定式没有否定含义。I’monlytoogladtostayathome.It’snevertoooldtolearn.作宾补Sheaskedmetostaythere.1.她叫我呆在这儿。2.请允许我介绍Mr.White给你们。Pleaseallowmetointrodu