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高考英语语法复习1句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分•（一）句子成分的定义：•构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。二）主语：•主语•是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：•Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.•（名词）•WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.•（代词）•One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.•（数词）•Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.•（不定式）•Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.•（动名词）•Therichshouldhelpthepoor.•（名词化的形容词）•WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.•（主语从句）•Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.•（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三）谓语•谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：•1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.•2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.（四）表语•表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：•OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.•（名词）•Isityours?•（代词）•Theweatherhasturnedcold.•（形容词）•Thespeechisexciting.•（分词）•Threetimessevenistwentyone?•（数词）•HisjobistoteachEnglish.•（不定式）•Hishobby（爱好）isplayingfootball.•（动名词）•Themachinemustbeoutoforder.•（介词短语）•Timeisup.Theclassisover.•（副词）•Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.•（表语从句）（五）宾语•宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：•Theywenttoseeanexhibition（展览）yesterday.•（名词）•Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.•（代词）•Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.•（数词）•Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.•（名词化形容词）•Hepretendednottoseeme.•（不定式短语）•Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.•（动名词短语）•Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.•（宾语从句）•宾语种类：•（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.•（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（六）宾语补足语•英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：•HisfathernamedhimDongming.•（名词）•Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.•（形容词）•Letthefreshairin.•（副词）•Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.•（不定式短语）•Wesawherenteringtheroom.•（现在分词）•Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.•（介词短语）•Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.•（从句）（七）定语•修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：•Guilinisabeautifulcity.•（形容词）•Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.•（分词）•Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.•（名词）•HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.•（代词）•Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.•（不定式短语）•Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.•（动名词）•HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.•（介词短语）（八）状语•修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示•Lighttravelsmostquickly.•（副词及副词性词组）•Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.•（介词短语）•Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.•（不定式短语）•Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.•（分词短语）•Waitaminute.•（名词）•Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.•（状语从句）状语种类如下：•Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?•（时间状语）•Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.•（原因状语）•Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.•（条件状语）•MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.•（地点状语）•Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.•（方式状语）•Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.•（伴随状语）•Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.•（目的状语）•Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.•（结果状语）•Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.•（让步状语）•Iamtallerthanheis.•（比较状语）练习一•一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：•1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.•2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.•3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.•4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!•5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.•6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.•7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.•8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.•9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.•10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.•11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.•12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.•13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.•14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?•15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.•16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?•17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.•18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.•19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.•20.Theapplestastedsweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：•Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.•Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：•MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.Howmanydiff