AssessmentofGHGsDecouplingandElectricityCostbyLowCarbonEnergyTechnologyDevelopment,inTaiwanChienChien--MingLee,MingLee,HengHeng--ChiLiuChiLiuNationalTaipeiUniversityNationalTaipeiUniversityInstituteofNaturalResourceManagementInstituteofNaturalResourceManagement09/02/2009台灣低碳能源科技發展之溫室氣體脫鉤與發電成本評估李堅明、劉恆齊國立台北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所09/02/20093Profile:Profile:ChienChien--MingLeeMingLeeAffiliations:AssistantProfessor,InstituteofNaturalResourceandEnvironmentalManagement,NTPU(2002-)DeputyDirector,DivisionofIndustrialEconomics,TaiwanResearchInstitute(1996-2002)Honorarypositions:MemberofAdvisoryBoardofTaipeiCityGovernmentTaskForceonEnergyMonitoring,MinistryofTransportation(2006-)AdvisoryPanel,MOEA’sTIGOSecretaryGeneralofTaiwanAgricultureandResourceEconomicAssociation(2008-)Nat’lDelegationtoCOPofUNFCCCEditorialBoard,CarbonEconomyCarbonEconomyMA,Economics,NTHUPh.D.,Economics,NTPUcmlee@mail.ntpu.edu.tw4李堅明簡歷台北大學自然資源與環境管理研究所助理教授(2002~)政府參加締約國大會代表團(1998年~)台北市政府市政顧問(2007~)交通部能源督導小組委員(2006~)經濟部「溫室氣體推動辦公室指導委員」(2006~2008)環保署「溫室氣體減量指導委員會委員」(2008~)台灣農業與資源經濟學會祕書長(2008~)經濟部產業發展諮詢委員會(2008~)台北市內湖社區安全與健康協進會顧問(2008~)台灣碳排放交易推廣協會常務理事(2008~)台灣經濟研究院計畫顧問(2006~)台灣綜合研究院計畫顧問(2002~)台灣綜合研究院研一所副所長(1998-2002)5ContentPrefaceMotivationsObjectivesMethodologyTheLearning(orExperience)EffectAnalysisresultsConclusion56目錄前言研究動機研究目的研究方法研究結果結語7Preface(1/2)Since1990s,theissueofglobalwarminghasemerged.Greenhousegasabatementisbecomingakeyissueintheworld.Promotinglowcarbonenergytechnology(suchasrenewableenergy,LNG,CHPandnuclearetc.)isaprioritygreenhousegas(GHG)mitigationpolicyandmeasureallovertheworld.InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA,2008)indicatedthatenergyefficiencyandlowcarbonenergyaccountforabout78%GHGemissionssavingsinvariousclimatescenario.Theenergysectoraccountedformorethan66%GHGemissionsharein2008.ThisisthebiggestGHGemissionsectorinTaiwan.Sotherefore,howtoreduceCO2emissionfrompowergeneration,becamethemostimportantstrategyforTaiwan’sglobalwarmingresponse.8前言(1/2)1990年以後,全球暖化問題已逐漸受到重視,溫室氣體減排已成為全球重要議題。推動低碳能源科技(例如再生能源、液化天然氣、汽電共生、及核能等)已成為各國最重要的溫室氣體防制政策。國際能源總署(2008)指出,為達到2100年穩定大氣溫室氣體濃度在450ppm水準,提高能源效率與發展低碳能源,合計可貢獻約78%溫室氣體減排量。台灣能源部門(2008)大約排放66%溫室氣體,為台灣最大的溫室氣體排放部門,因此,如何降低發電部門溫室氣體排放量,已成為台灣因應全球暖化的最重要策略。9GHGabatementstrategyinvariousclimatescenariosSource:IEA(2008),WorldEnergyOutlook2008.Lowcarbonenergy10不同氣候情境之溫室氣體減排策略資料來源:IEA(2008),WorldEnergyOutlook2008.低碳能源11TrendofCO2emissionshareinvarioussectorsinTaiwan4459.664.365.365.566.228.419.816.416.416.816.218.215.414.51413.313.40.50.40.611.12.71.61.61.71.71.52.92222.12.63.80%20%40%60%80%100%199020002005200620072008energyindustrytransportagriculturecommercialresidentialSource:BureauofEnergy(2009)12台灣部門CO2排放趨勢4459.664.365.365.566.228.419.816.416.416.816.218.215.414.51413.313.40.50.40.611.12.71.61.61.71.71.52.92222.12.63.80%20%40%60%80%100%199020002005200620072008能源部門工業運輸農業服務業住宅資料來源:能源局(2009),我國燃料燃燒二氧化碳排放統計與分析。13TrendofLowcarbonEnergySharing42.63546.743.837.739.237.437.236.237.636.634.633.935.737.237.937.238.52829.832.135.636.426.526.624.122.622.720.818.819.918.618.117.616.916.705101520253035404550199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007lowcarbonenergynuclearunit:%14低碳(潔淨)能源占比變化趨勢42.63546.743.837.739.237.437.236.237.636.634.633.935.737.237.937.238.52829.832.135.636.426.526.624.122.622.720.818.819.918.618.117.616.916.705101520253035404550199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007潔淨能源核能單位:%15Preface(2/2)ExecutiveYuanratified“SustainableEnergyPolicyGuidance”in2008,andcommittedtoreduceCO2emissiontothe2008level(about294MtCO2)by2016-2020,andtothe2000level(about221MtCO2)by2025.inordertoachieveabovetarget,thisincludesfollowingthekeypoliciesandmeasuresinenergyefficiencyandlowcarbonenergy:1.Increasingenergyefficiency2%annually.2.Deployingrenewableenergy,andachievingatleast8%electricitygenerationsharein2025.3.Expandingnaturalgasconsumption,andreachingelectricitygenerationsharemorethan25%in2025.4.Deployinglowcarbonenergy,andatotalofupto55%inpowergenerationin2025.16前言(2/2)行政院已於2008年制定「永續能源政策綱領」,並承認於2020年之溫室氣體排放量要回至2008年排放水準(約294百萬噸CO2),以及2025年排放量回到2000年排放水準(約221百萬噸CO2),為達到上述目標,主要的能源效率與低碳能源政策如下:1.每年提升能源效率2%2.發展再生能源,於2025年至少達到8%發電占比3.擴大天然氣使用,於2025年達到25%發電占比4.發展低碳與無碳能源,於2025年至少達到55%發電占比17CO2Targetin2020-202553127622131533138648629432034629422101002003004005006002000200520082010201520202025BAUTargetUnit:MtCO2ReduceCO2emissiontothe2008level(about294MtCO2)by2016-2020,andtothe2000level(about221MtCO2)by2025.310Mt182020-2025的CO2減量目標53127622131533138648629432034629422101002003004005006002000200520082010201520202025BAUTargetUnit:MtCO22020年降低CO2排放量至2008年排放水準(約294百萬噸CO2),以及2025年再降低至2000年排放水準(約221百萬噸CO2)。310Mt19MotivationsWhetherlaunchinglowcarbonenergyindeedcanachieveGDPdecouplingwithCO2emissioninTaiwan?Underthe“SustainableEnergyPolicyGuidance”,Taiwanplanedtouselowcarbonenergytoabate12.2MtCO2emissionsby2025.However,therehasn’tbeenanyassessmentoftheaboveissuesyet.Howmuchmustsocietypaid,iflowcarbonenergytechnologiesaretobedeployedinTaiwan?Inoth