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1.GiveabriefdiscussionofHenryJames’literaryachievement.1)Internationaltheme:James’snovelsarealwayssetagainstalargerinternationalbackground,usuallybetweenAmericaandEurope2)Psychologicalrealism:James’srealismischaracterizedbyhispsychologicalapproachtohissubjectmatter.Hisfictionalworldisconcernedwiththeinnerworldofhumanbeings.Heisgenerallyregardedastheforerunnerofthe20thcentury“stream-of-consciousness”novelsandthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.3)Hislanguageishighlyrefinedandinsightful;heisthemostexpertofstylistofhistime4)Narrativepointofview:movingawayfromauthorialomniscience,makingthecharactersrevealthemselves5)Literarycriticism:“TheArtofFiction”.Thethemeof“TheArtofFiction”clearlyindicatesthattheaimofthenovelistopresentlife,alsoadvocatesthefreedomoftheartisttowriteaboutanythingthatconcernshim.James’slanguageiselaborateandrefinedwithlengthypsychologicalanalyses.2.AnalyzetheartisticfeaturesofEarnestHemingway’snovels.Hemingway’sartisticfeaturescanbeconcludedinto3parts:a.colloquialb.understatementc.ice-berganalogyTypicalofthis“iceberg”analogyisHemingway’sstyle.Hedealswithalimitedrangeofcharactersinquitesimilarcircumstancesandmeasuresthemagainstunvaryingcode,knownas“graceunderpressure”.Besides,HemingwaydevelopsthestyleofcolloquialisminitiatedbyMarkTwain.AccordingtoHemingway,goodliterarywritingshouldbeabletomakereaderfeeltheemotionofthecharactersdirectlyandthebestwaytoproducetheeffectistosetdownexactlyeveryparticularkindoffeelingwithoutanyauthorialcommentHemingwaydevelopsthestyleofcolloquialisminitiatedbyMarkTwain.Theaccentsandmannerismsofhumanspeecharesowellpresentedthatthecharactersarefulloffleshandbloodandtheuseofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentencehaveaneffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcare.Throughseeminglysimpleandnatural,hisstyleispolishedandcontrolled,suggestiveandconnotative.3.GiveabriefdiscussionofWhitman’sstyleandlanguage.Style:WhitmanisoneoftherepresentativepoetsinAmerica.Heemployedbrand-newmeansinhispoetryandhasmaderadicalchangesintheformofpoetrybychoosingfreeverseashismediumofexpression,whichisakindofpoetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.Whitman’spoeticstyleismarkedbytheuseofthepoetic“I”andtheimagesinhispoemsareunconventional.Language:HeusesoralEnglishandthewordsheusesarerelativelysimpleandcrude,whichformedmanyhonestandundistortedimagesofdifferentaspectsofAmericaoftheday.Usually,parallelismandphoneticrecurrenceareusedatthebeginningofthelines.Thepoeticlinesaresimpleandprose-like,varyinginlength,whichallowshimtoexpresshisideasfreely.HealsoappliesoralEnglishinhisfreeversetomakeitaneffectivewaytoexpressfreelythefeelingsofcommonpeople.4.WhyisFitzgeraldregardedasspokesmanofthe“JazzAge”?Fitzgeraldwasarepresentativefigureofthe1920s.Heneverfailedtoremaindetachedandforeseethetragedyofthe“DollarDecade”.HisworksmirrortheexcitingageinalmosteverywayandhisfictionalworldisthebestembodimentofthespiritoftheJazzAge.Throughtheglitteringworldofhisfictionrunthethemesofmoralwasteanddecayandnecessityofpersonalresponsibility.TheGreatGatsby,abookabouttheJazzAge,isacasestudyinpeople’spursuitofanelusiveAmericanDream.ItisalsoapowerfulcriticismofAmericansociety.ThusheisoftenacclaimedliteraryspokesmanoftheJazzAge.5.CommentonthewritingstyleofWilliamFaulkner.1)WilliamFaulknerisoneofthegreatestAmericannovelists.AsaNobelPrizewinner,hehasanimportantpositioninAmericanliterature.TherangeofnarrativetechniquesusedbyFaulkneriswhatmakeshiswritingstyleremarkable.Hewouldneverstepbetweenthecharactersandthereadertoexplain,butletthecharactersexplainthemselvesandhinderaslittleaspossiblethereader’sdirectexperienceoftheworkofart.2)Themostcharacteristicwayofstructuringhisstoriesistofragmentthechronologicaltime.Hedeliberatelybrokeupthechronologyofhisnarrativebyjuxtaposingthepastwiththepresent,inthewaythemontagedoesinamovie.3)Themodernstream-of-consciousnesstechniquewasfrequentlyandskillfullyexploitedbyFaulknertoemphasizethereactionsandinnermusingsofthenarrator4)Moreover,Faulknerwasgoodatpresentingmultiplepointsofview5)TheothernarrativetechniquesFaulknerusedtoconstructhisstoriesincludesymbolismandmythologicalandbiblicalallusion.6.CommentonMarkTwain.MarkTwainisknownasagreatliteraryartistandagreatsocialcritic,whopreferstopresentsociallifethoughportraitsoflocalcharactersofhisregion.HeisthefirsttrulyAmericanwriterandLincolnofourliterature,whohasagreatinfluenceonthefollowinggenerations.Anotherfactorthatmadehimuniqueishismagicpowerwithlanguage,hisuseofvernacular.Hiswordsarecolloquial,concreteanddirectineffect,andhissentencestructureissimple,evenungrammatical,whichisatypicalofspokenlanguage.What’smore,hischaractersconfinedtoaparticularregionandhistoricalmoment,speakwithstrongaccent,whichistrueofhislocalcolorism.Besides,differentcharactersfromdifferentliteraryordifferentculturebackgroundstalkdifferently.Twainhasmadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.Hishumorisalsoremarkable.7.Discusstheconceptof“wasteland”inrelationtotheworksofthosewritersinthetwentieth-centuryAmericanliterature.“TheWasteLand”isapoe