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Allegoryisanarrativethatservesasanextendedmetaphor.Allegoriesarewrittenintheformoffables,parables,poems,stories,andalmostanyotherstyleorgenre.Themainpurposeofanallegoryistotellastorythathascharacters,asetting,aswellasothertypesofsymbols,thathavebothliteralandfigurativemeanings.Onewell-knownexampleofanallegoryisDante’sTheDivineComedy.InInferno,Danteisonapilgrimagetotrytounderstandhisownlife,buthischaracteralsorepresentseverymanwhoisinsearchofhispurposeintheworld.Alliterationisapatternofsoundthatincludestherepetitionofconsonantsounds.Therepetitioncanbelocatedatthebeginningofsuccessivewordsorinsidethewords.Poetsoftenusealliterationtoaudiblyrepresenttheactionthatistakingplace.Asideisanactor’sspeech,directedtotheaudience,thatisnotsupposedtobeheardbyotheractorsonstage.Anasideisusuallyusedtolettheaudienceknowwhatacharacterisabouttodoorwhatheorsheisthinking.Asidesareimportantbecausetheyincreaseanaudience'sinvolvementinaplaybygivingthemvitalinformationpertainingwhatishappening,bothinsideofacharacter'smindandintheplotoftheplay.Gothicisaliterarystylepopularduringtheendofthe18thcenturyandthebeginningofthe19th.Thisstyleusuallyportrayedfantastictalesdealingwithhorror,despair,thegrotesqueandother“dark”subjects.Gothicliteraturewasnamedfortheapparentinfluenceofthedarkgothicarchitectureoftheperiodonthegenre.Also,manyoftheseGothictalestookplacesinsuch“gothic”surroundings.Othertimes,thisstoryofdarknessmayoccurinamoreeverydaysetting,suchasthequainthousewherethemangoesmadfromthebeatingofhisguiltinEdgarAllanPoe's“TheTell-TaleHeart.”Inessence,thesestorieswereromances,largelyduetotheirloveoftheimaginaryoverthelogical,andweretoldfrommanydifferentpointsofview.IMAGERY:Acommontermofvariablemeaning,imageryincludesthementalpicturesthatreadersexperiencewithapassageofliterature.Itsignifiesallthesensoryperceptionsreferredtoinapoem,whetherbyliteraldescription,allusion,simile,ormetaphor.Modernismisvaguetermreferringtotheart,poetry,literature,architecture,andphilosophyofEuropeandAmericaintheearlytwentieth-century.Ingeneral,modernismismarkedbythefollowingcharacteristics:(1)thedesiretobreakawayfromestablishedtraditions,(2)aquesttofindfreshwaystoviewman'spositionorfunctionintheuniverse,(3)experimentsinformandstyle,particularlywithfragmentation--asopposedtotheorganictheoriesofliteraryunityappearingintheRomanticandVictorianperiods.StreamofConsciousnessisthecontinuousflowofsense-perceptions,thoughts,feelings,andmemoriesinthehumanmind.Inliteraryworks,itreferstotheliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessesinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.ItisanimportantdeviceofmodernistfictionpioneeredbyJamesJoyceandfurtherdevelopedbywriterslikeWilliamFaulkner.Tragedy,accordingtoAristotle,is“theimitationofanactionthatisseriousandalso,ashavingmagnitude,completeinitself,”inthemediumofpoeticlanguageandinthemannerofdramaticratherthanofnarrativepresentation,involving“incidentsarousingpityandfear,wherewithtoaccomplishthecatharsisofsuchemotions.”ArthurMiller’sTheDeathofaSalesmanisamoderntragedywhoseeffectontheaudienceisoneofcompassionateunderstandingratherthanoftragicpityandterror.TheLostGenerationThistermisappliedtotheAmericanwriters,mostofwhomwerebasicallyexpatriates.TheyleftAmericaandformedacommunityofwritersandartistsinParis,involvedwithotherEuropeannovelistsandpoetsintheirexperimentationonnewmodesofthoughtandexpression.ThetermLostGenerationcamefromGertrudeStein'sremarktoamechanicinHemingway'spresencethatYouareallalostgeneration.HemingwayuseditasamottoinhisnovelTheSunAlsoRises.AmongthosegreatestfiguresinTheLostGenerationareEzraPound,F.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingwayandHartCranewholostthetraditionalvaluesasaresultofthewarandfoughthardtoseeknewvaluesandbeliefstofillthevoidofthepost-warworldwhichwasfullofphysicalwoundsaswellasmentalchaos.Imagism：ImagistisappliedtoagroupofpoetsprominentinAmericabetween1909and1918.Imagismwasaspiritofrevoltagainstconventionalitiesratherthanagoalsetupasinitselfapermanentlylastingobjective.Allpoeticlanguageisthelanguageofexploration.ThepointofImagismisthatitdoesnotuseimagesasornaments.Theimageisitselfthespeech.Theimageisthewordbeyondformulatedlanguage.ThemostconspicuousfiguresoftheimagistmovementwereEzraPound,AmyLowell,CarlSandburgandWilliamCarlosWilliams.BlackHumorBlackhumorisatermusedinliterature,drama,andfilm.Itreferstogrotesqueormorbidhumorusedtoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradox,andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorirony.Blackhumorusesdevicesoftenassociatedwithtragedyandissometimesequatedwithtragicfarce.Forexample,Catch-22isthemodelrepresentativeofthistype.ThenovelsofsuchwritersasKurtVonnegut,ThomasPynchon,JohnBarth,JosephHeller,andPhilipRothcontainelementsofblackhumor.01.Humanism(人文主义)HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.2itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthe