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1语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主语从句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepractices2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：Yourunningeverymorning.maykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmericanIsit.（名词）yoursTheweatherhasturned?（代词）coldThespeechis.（形容词）exciting.Threetimessevenis（分词）twentyoneHisjobis?（数词）toteachEnglishHishobby（爱好）is.（不定式）playingfootballThemachine.（动名词）mustbeTimeisoutoforder.（介词短语）up.TheclassisoverThetruthis.（副词）thathehasneverbeenabroad（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：.（表语从句）TheywenttoseeanexhibitionTheheavyrainprevented（展览）yesterday.（名词）meHowmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihaveformcomingtoschoolontime.（代词）fiveTheyhelped.（数词）theoldHepretendedwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词）nottoseemeIenjoy.（不定式短语）listeningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）2Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.（宾语从句）（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：HisfathernamedhimDongmingTheypaintedtheirboat.（名词）whiteLetthefreshair.（形容词）inYoumustn’tforcehim.（副词）tolendhismoneytoyou.Wesawher（不定式短语）enteringtheroomWefoundeverythinginthelab.（现在分词）ingoodorderWewillsoonmakeourcity.（介词短语）whatyourcityisnow.（七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：（从句）GuilinisabeautifulChinaisacity.（形容词）developingcountry;AmericaisadevelopedTherearethirtycountry.（分词）womenteachersisourschool.（名词）HisOurmonitorisalwaysthefirstrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）toentertheclassroomThe.（不定式短语）teachingHeisreadinganarticleplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）abouthowtolearnEnglish（八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：.（介词短语）LighttravelsmostquicklyHehaslivedinthecity.（副词及副词性词组）fortenyearsHeisproud.（介词短语）tohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexaminationHeisintheroom.（不定式短语）makingamodelplane.Wait（分词短语）aminute.（名词）Onceyoubegin状语种类如下：,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）HowaboutmeetingagainatsixLastnightshedidn’tgotothedanceparty?（时间状语）becauseoftherainIshallgothere.（原因状语）ifitdoesn’trainMrSmithlives.（条件状语）onthethirdfloorSheputtheeggsintothebasket.（地点状语）withgreatcareShecamein.（方式状语）withadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）InordertocatchupwiththeothersHewassotired,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）thathefellasleepimmediatelySheworksveryhard.（结果状语）thoughsheisoldIamtaller.（让步状语）thanheis.（比较状语）3练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschool2.Hehandedbus.me3.Ithenewspaper.shallansweryourquestion4.Whataafterclass.beautiful5.TheywentChinesepainting!huntingtogetherearlyinthemorning6..Hisjobistotrainswimmers7.Hetook.manyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing8..ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilm9.Hetonight.istoleaveforShanghai10.tomorrow.Hiswishistobecomeascientist11.He.managedtofinishtheworkintime12.Tomcame.toaskmeforadvice13.Hefound.itimportanttomasterEnglish14.Doyouhave.anythingelsetosay15.?Tobehonest;yourpronunciationisnotso16.Wouldyoupleasetellgood.meyouraddress17.Hesat?there,18.readinganewspaper.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy19.Henoticedaman.20.Theapplestastedentertheroom.sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：Ihopeyouareverywell.I'mfine,buttired.RightnowitisthesummervacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm.Augustisthehottestmonthhere.Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors.WegrowriceinthesouthoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat.Wehavealotofmachinesonthefarm.Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomenworkingforhim.Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest.Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere.Asaresult,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden.Everyeveningwepumpwaterfromawell.Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime.Thesepartiesoftenmakeusveryhappy.Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside.It'sgreat!Americanseatalotofmeat—toomuchinmyopinion.Someofmyfriendsdrinkbeer.Idon't,becauseIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty.InyourletteryouaskedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates.TherearefivedifferenttimeareasintheStates.InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime.Howmanydifferenttimeareasdoyou4haveinChina?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep.Pleasegivemybestregardstoyourparents.四、选择填空：()1.____willleaveforBeijing.A.Nowth