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第二部分语法考点突破第十二讲构词法英语构词法主要有派生法(即词根加前缀或后缀构成的新词)、合成法和转化法三种。一、形容词加-ly变为副词的规律1．一般情况加-ly。如：real→really/careful→carefully/polite→politely/quick→quickly。2．“辅音字母＋y”结尾的，将y改为-ily。如：angry→angrily/busy→busily/heavy→heavily。3．以-ble结尾的，将ble改为-bly。如：probable→probably/possible→possibly。4．个别单词，去掉e再加-ly。如：gentle→gently/true→truly5．以-ic结尾的，加-ally。如：basic→basically/energetic→energetically注意有的名词＋ly→形容词，如：friend→friendly/day→daily二、动词/名词变形容词的常见后缀后缀例词-ableaccept→acceptable可接受的comfort→comfortable舒适的fashion→fashionable时髦的suit→suitable合适的reason→reasonable有道理的后缀例词-almusic→musical音乐的origin→original最初的person→personal个人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的后缀例词-fuldoubt→doubtful怀疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的后缀例词-ed-ingscare→scared感到恐惧的confuse→confused感到困惑的underline→underlined下划线的surprise→surprising令人惊异的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人满意的后缀例词-ible-iveaccess→accessible容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的act→active积极的；活跃的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive给人深刻印象的后缀例词-ous-somecontinue→continuous不断的；持续的anxiety→anxious忧虑的caution→cautious十分小心的；谨慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的tire→tiresome令人厌倦的trouble→troublesome麻烦的后缀例词-y-ern-ishtaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；丰富的east→eastern东方的；向东的child→childish孩子气的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的后缀例词-ic-aryscience→scientific科学的economy→economic经济的history→historic历史上著名的imagine→imaginary想象中的三、动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-alapprove→approval赞成；批准arrive→arrival到来；到达survive→survival幸存propose→proposal提议；建议后缀例词-ance-enceappear→appearance出现；外貌guide→guidance指引；指导perform→performance表演；节目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏爱refer→reference参考；查阅后缀例词-ion-tion-ationattract→attraction吸引invite→invitation邀请；请柬graduate→graduation毕业expect→expectation期待；期望compete→competition比赛；竞争explain→explanation解释后缀例词-(ss)ion-ing-mentdiscuss→discussion讨论；辩论decide→decision决定admit→admission接纳；准许入学hear→hearing听力；听觉begin→beginning开始achieve→achievement功绩；成就argue→argument辩论；论据treat→treatment对待；治疗后缀例词-ure-ture-y其他fail→failure失败；没做到press→pressure压力mix→mixture混合；混合物depart→departure离开；出发recover→recovery恢复；痊愈discover→discovery发现choose→choice选择vary→variety多样化；种类tend→tendency趋向；趋势四、形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-age-cy-domshort→shortage不足；短缺efficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流畅accurate→accuracy准确性private→privacy隐私；私密free→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧后缀例词-ence-ness-thdifferent→difference差异silent→silence沉默weak→weakness虚弱；弱点kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意grow→growth成长；发展strong→strength力气；强项warm→warmth温暖；热情后缀例词-y-ty-itydifficult→difficulty困难cruel→cruelty残酷；残暴safe→safety安全disable→disability无能；伤残responsible→responsibility责任五、表示“人”的后缀后缀例词-er-ar-eeteach→teacher老师village→villager村民strange→stranger陌生人lie→liar说谎者employ→employee受雇者；雇员interview→interviewee被面试者train→trainee受训练的人；学员后缀例词-or-ess-eseinvent→inventor发明家act→actor男演员educate→educator教育家；教师act→actress女演员god→goddess女神host→hostess女主人；女主持人China→Chinese中国人Japan→Japanese日本人后缀例词-n-ian-ist-antAmerica→American美国人Australia→Australian澳洲人music→musician音乐家history→historian历史学家politics→politician政治家；政客novel→novelist小说家special→specialist专家tour→tourist旅行者；观光者serve→servant仆人participate→participant参加者assist→assistant助手；图书管理员六、表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀agree→disagree不同意advantage→disadvantage缺点dis-il-legal→illegal不合法的logical→illogical不合逻辑的im-polite→impolite无礼的patient→impatient不耐烦的in-formal→informal非正式的convenient→inconvenient不方便的前/后缀例词前缀后缀ir-regular→irregular不规则的responsible→irresponsible不负责任的mis-lead→mislead误导understand→misunderstand误解non-non-smoker不吸烟者non-stop直达的un-usual→unusual不寻常的willing→unwilling不愿意的-lesshope→hopeless绝望的end→endless没完没了的七、变动词的前缀和后缀前/后缀例词前缀后缀en-able→enable使能够large→enlarge扩大rich→enrich使充实-enbroad→broaden(使)变宽ripe→ripen(使)成熟sharp→sharpen使尖锐wide→widen加宽前/后缀例词后缀-ifyclass→classify把……分类just→justify证明……正确simple→simplify简化-izeapology→apologize道歉emphasis→emphasize强调八、其他前缀的意义前缀例词inter-over-extra-re-ex-interaction互动international国际的overweight超重的overcrowded过于拥挤的extraordinary非凡的rewrite重写；改写reuse再使用ex-president前任总统ex-husband前夫前缀例词e-by-kilo-centi-co-pre-e-mail电子邮件e-book电子书byproduct副产品kilometer公里centimeter厘米co-exist共存cooperate合作pre-reading阅读前prehistory史前的前缀例词trans-mid-super-out-vice-sub-multi-semi-auto-microtransform(使)改变；使改观midnight午夜supernatural超自然的outnumber在数量上超过vice-chairman副主席subtropical亚热带multicolored多色的semi-final半决赛automatic自动的microscope显微镜micro-waveoven微波炉九、合成法两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词的构词方法称为合成法。构成方式例词名词名词＋名词newspaper报纸teamwork协作classroom教室形容词＋名词blackboard黑板highway公路副词＋名词overcoat大衣underground地铁outbreaks爆发名词＋介词短语father-in-law岳父brother-in-law姐夫构成方式例词动词形容词副词＋动词update更新overlook忽视名词＋动词sun-bathe日光浴proof-read校对名词＋形容词color-blind色盲的副词＋形容词over-sensitive过敏的名词＋分词hand-made手工制作的updated最新的构成方式例词形容词形容词＋名词good-looking好看的副词＋分词well-meant好意的outstanding出色的形容词＋名词gentleman绅士greengrocer水果商形容词＋名词＋-edill-mannered不礼貌的short-tempered易怒的数词＋名词＋-edtwo-faced两面派的one-sided片面的构成方式例词形容词副词名词＋名词＋-ediron-willed有钢铁般意志的名词＋名词sideways向旁边名词＋副词headfirst头朝下形容词＋名词meanwhile同时介词＋名词beforehand事先不定代词nobody,everything,anyone十、转化法转化法：不改变词形，把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。动词→名词名词→动词形容词