专题四说明文型完形填空专题四说明文型完形填空专题导读专题四│专题导读说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明,通常结构严谨、句子结构复杂,因此也是高考完形填空中较难理解的一种文体。说明文一般有三类:一是实体事例说明文(实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品)。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等。二是事理(事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等)说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等。三是文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化,进而编成故事,对其进行介绍。专题四│专题导读说明文完形填空的具体特点:(1)开头点题。做说明文型完形填空时,要明确说明的对象是什么,是具体实物还是理论性概念。因此,明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近年的说明文型完形填空中,作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。(2)结构清晰。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(指先后顺序),空间顺序(从局部到整体,从上到下,从内到外),逻辑顺序(前因后果,先果后因,先主后次);认识顺序(由此及彼,由浅入深,由具体到抽象,由现象到本质)。说明文型完形填空短文层次清晰,整体性强,所以,递进性词汇和名词的设题往往出现得较多。说明文往往较直白,写作脉络清晰,又没有很多感情因素的掺入,所以就不会有过多的情感词汇,自然不会有钻不出的“迷宫”。据此特点,我们便可以跟着“作者”走,理清整篇文章的思路,从而顺利答题。真题典例专题四│真题典例[2010·上海卷]Thefirstattemptofeventhemosttalentedartists,musicians,andwritersisseldomamasterpiece.Ifyouconsideryourdraftsasdressrehearsals(彩排),ortryouts,revisingwillseemanaturalpartofthewriting__1__.Whatisthepurposeofthedressrehearsalsandtheoutof-townpreviewsthatmanyBroadwayshowsgothrough?Theanswerisadding,deleting,replacing,reordering,—__2__revising.AndrewLloydWebber’smusicalPhantomoftheOperaunderwentsuchaprocess.WhenLloydWebberbeganwritingin1984,hehadinmindafunny,excitingproduction.However,whenPhantom专题四│真题典例openedinLondonin1986,theaudiencesawamovingpsychologicallovestorysettomusic.Themusicalhad__3__severalrevisionsdue,inpart,toproblemswithcostumingandmakeup(戏服和化妆).Forinstance,LloydWebber__4__someofthemusicbecausethePhantom’smakeuppreventedtheactorfromsingingcertainsounds.Whenyourevise,youchangeaspectsofyourworkin__5__toyourevolvingpurpose,ortoinclude__6__ideasornewlydiscoveredinformation.Revisionisnotjustanafterthoughtthatgetsonlyasmuchtimeasyouhaveattheendofanassignment.__7__,itisamajorstageofthewritingprocess,andwritersreviseeverystepoftheway.Evenyourdecisionto__8__topics专题四│真题典例whileprewritingisatypeofrevising.However,don’tmakethemistakeofskippingtherevisionstagethatfollows__9__.Alwaysmaketimetobecomeyourown__10__andviewyourdressrehearsal,sotospeak.Reviewingyourworkinthiswaycangiveyou__11__newideas.Revisinginvolves__12__theeffectivenessandappropriatenessofallaspectsofyourwriting,makingyourpurposemoreclearly,andrefocusingordevelopingthefactsandideasyoupresent.Whenyourevise,askyourselfthefollowingquestions,keepinginmindtheaudienceforwhomyouarewriting:Ismymainideaorpurpose__13__throughoutmydraft?DoIeverlose专题四│真题典例sightofmypurpose?HaveIgivenmyreadersallofthe__14__—thatis,facts,opinions,inferences—thattheyneedinordertounderstandmymainidea?Finally,haveIincludedtoomany__15__detailsthatmayconfusereaders?()1.A.techniqueB.styleC.processD.career()2.A.inparticularB.asaresultC.forexampleD.inotherwords()3.A.undergoneB.skippedC.rejectedD.replaced()4.A.rewroteB.releasedC.recordedD.reserved()5.A.additionB.responseC.oppositionD.contrast()6.A.fixedB.ambitiousC.familiarD.fresh专题四│真题典例()7.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.InsteadD.Therefore()8.A.discussB.switchC.exhaustD.cover()9.A.draftingB.rearrangingC.performingD.training()10.A.directorB.masterC.audienceD.visitor()11.A.personalB.valuableC.basicD.delicate()12.A.mixingB.weakeningC.maintainingD.assessing()13.A.amazingB.brightC.uniqueD.clear()14.A.anglesB.evidenceC.informationD.hints()15.A.unnecessaryB.uninterestingC.concreteD.final专题四│真题典例【解析】修改是作品写作过程中非常重要且必需的步骤。文章讲述了作品修改的目的和途径。1.C参照下文的“AndrewLloydWebber’smusicalPhantomoftheOperaunderwentsuchaprocess.”和“However,don’tmakethemistakeofskippingtherevisionstage”。technique意为“技术”;style意为“风格”;career意为“事业,生涯”,都不符合题意。2.D前面adding,deleting,replacing,reordering都是revising的方面,inotherwords意为“换句话说”,符合题意。inparticular意为“尤其,特别”,表强调;asaresult意为“因此”,表结果;forexample意为“例如”,表举例说明;都不符题意。专题四│真题典例3.A人们观看的是完美的表演,但表演之前作品经历了(undergo)多次修改,与上文的“AndrewLloydWebber’smusicalPhantomoftheOperaunderwentsuchaprocess.”对应。skip(跳远)、reject(拒绝,抵制)、replace(取代)都不符合题意。4.A动词release(释放,赦免,发行),record(记录,录音),reserve(保留,预订)都不符合题意。动词rewrite表示“重写,修改”,与动词revise同义,与本篇话题相关。5.B介词短语inadditionto表示“而且,除……之外还有”;inoppositionto表示“与……的意见相反”;incontrastto表示“与……形成对比”,都与本题不符。inresponseto(作为对……的反应)在本句表示“你修改作品是对你想改进作品的一种回应”。专题四│真题典例6.Dfreshideas与后面的newlydiscoveredinformation对应。7.C副词moreover(而且)类似于butalso,表递进含义;副词however然而,表转折关系;instead作为“替代,反而”,表相反含义;therefore因此,表原因。由语境可知选C。8.Bswitchtopics(变换标题)属于修改作品的一部分。动词discuss(讨论)、exhaust(使筋疲力尽)、cover(覆盖,包含)都不符题意。9.Arearranging(重新安排)、performing(表演)、training(培训)都与题意不符。由上文可知选drafting,意为“起草,草案”。专题四│真题典例10.C名词audience(观众)与下句viewyourdressrehearsal对应。名词director(导演)、master(主人,大师)、visitor(来访者)都与题意不符。11.B形容词valuable表示“做自己作品的观众能给你有价值的新信息”。形容词personal(个人的)、basic(基本的)、delicate(娇贵的、纤弱的、精美的)都与题意不符。12.D句意表示“修改包括评价作品所有方面的有效性和适当性”。故选D。13.D形容词clear在本句表示“我的文章大意或写作意图是否清晰”,与下文confusereaders对应。形容词amazing(令人惊讶的)、bright(明亮的,聪明的)、unique(独特的)都与题意不符。专题四│真题典例14.Cfacts,opinions,inferences都属于information,故选C。15.Aunnecessarydetails表示“不必要的信息”,句意表示不必要的信息反而使读者困惑、误导读者。形容词uninteresting(单调的,乏味的)、concrete(具体的)、final(最终的,决定性的)都与题意不符。专题四│新题预测(一)Peopledonotanalyseeveryproblemtheymeet.Theyoftenaccepttheopinionsorideasofotherpeople.Othertimestheybegintoactwithout__1__;theytrytofindasolutionbytrialanderror.However,whenallofthesemethods__2__,thepersonwithaproblemhasto