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第4课时顺藤摸瓜——明辨词义猜测类题目⊙怎么考1.词义猜测题主要是测试考生利用上下文判断单词、短语或句子在特定语言环境中确切含义的能力，以及it，they，them等判断其指代内容。2.词义猜测类题目中常含有referto，mean，beplacedby，isclosestinmeaningto，standfor，bedefinedas等。⊙怎么学在平时阅读训练中除积累阅读的常用技巧外，还要有意学会猜测生僻词汇的能力，以及一些熟词生义的用法等。⊙怎么解做此类题目，要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，“上下取证”，通过构词法、语法逻辑、经验、常识、上下文等线索来确定词义，“顺着”作者的思想、态度去理解，然后“上下求证”是否合乎逻辑或作者的思想等。具体方法1.根据接近或递进关系：由and或or等可确定生词的义域，推知它的大致意义。2.根据选择或相对关系：对比or(要么，或者)前面和后面的句子或词语，来猜测生词的含义。3.根据同位或解释关系：通过生词后的定语(定语从句或分词短语等)、表语、同位语、逗号、括号、破折号等的解释说明来推测其意思。4.根据转折或对比关系：由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义。5.根据因果关系：根据前后的因果关系来推断其中的某个生词或短语的意思。既可由因推果，也可由果推因。常见的词有：since，as，therefore，dueto，thus等。6.根据列举的实例：根据suchas，forexample等后列举的实例也可推测出前面某个词语的意思。7.利用构词法猜测词义：很多词都可以通过分析其“转化”“合成”或“派生”来确定该词在具体语境中的意义。【典例剖析1】(2012·大纲全国卷Ⅱ，D)EventheEthiopianpublichasonlyseenLucytwice.TheLucyonexhibitionattheEthiopianNationalMuseuminthecapital，AddisAbaba，isa__replicawhiletherealremainsareusuallylockedinasecretstoreroom.AteamfromtheMuseumofNationalScienceinHouston，Texas，spentfouryearsdiscussingwiththeEthiopiansfortheU.S.tour，whichwillstartinHoustonnextSeptember.Whatdothewords“areplica”inParagraph2referto?A.Apaintingoftheskeleton.B.AphotographofLucy.C.Acopyoftheskeleton.D.AwrittenrecordofLucy.答案C[本题需要猜测的是生僻词replica，根据画线部分后面的“whiletherealremains”，while表示“而”，为上下文“对比”关系，相对于“thereal”，可知，上文意义应是“假的，非真实的”；画线部分应指的是骨骼复制品，故选C项。]【典例剖析2】(2013·新课标全国卷Ⅱ，C)TheCRF'sproduceis“green”，madewithinthecountryanddividedinto10lines，withtheAlcoholSeriesbeingthemostpopular.TheExoticSeries—withSichuanpepper，redbean(豆)，cheeseandotherflavors—alsodoeswellandisfuntotaste.Andforchocolate__snobs，whothinkthattheyhaveabetterknowledgeofchocolatethanothers，theConnoisseurSeriesusescocoabeansfromTogo，Cuba，Venezuela，andGhana，amongothers.Thewords“chocolatesnobs”inParagraph3probablyrefertopeoplewho________.A.areparticularaboutchocolateB.knowlittleaboutcocoabeansC.lookdownuponothersD.liketotrynewflavors答案A[本题要猜测的是短语；根据画线部分后面的定语从句，“他们认为自己比别人更了解巧克力……”，再根据画线部分上文内容，“Andfor...”“至于……，对于……”有转折的意义，故选A项“对巧克力很挑剔的人”。]【典例剖析3】(2013·山东卷，D)Sparrowfailedtogrowforanothertwoyears，untilanewCEO，CarlPearson，decidedtobuildupitsmarketshare.Hedidasurvey，whichshowedthatconsumerswhoalreadyusedSparrowrestaurantswereextremelypositiveaboutthechain，whilecustomersofotherfastfoodchainswereunwillingtoturnawayfromthem.Sparrowhadtodevelopanewpromotionalcampaign.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“them”inParagraph2referto?A.CustomersofSparrowrestaurants.B.Sparrowrestaurants.C.Customersofotherfast-foodchains.D.Otherfastfoodchains.答案D[本题要猜测的是代词。根据原文Hedidasurvey，whichshowedthatconsumerswhoalreadyusedSparrowrestaurantswereextremelypositiveaboutthechain，whilecustomersofotherfast-foodchainswereunwillingtoturnawayfromthem.可知，其他连锁店的顾客不愿离开他们的连锁店。此处，turnawayfrom表示“从……处走开”，所以from之后应该是主语的原始位置，顺藤摸瓜，故选D项。]【典例剖析4】(2014·广东卷，B)...“Here'stheidea，”Annesays.“Anythingyouthinkthereshouldbemoreof，doitrandomly.”Herfantasiesincludepaintingtheclassroomsofshabbyschools，leavinghotmealsonkitchentablesinthepoorpartoftown，andgivingmoneysecretlytoaproudoldlady.Annesays，“Kindnesscanbuildonitselfasmuchasviolencecan.”Theactsofrandomkindnessspread.Ifyouwereoneofthosedriverswhofoundyourfarepaid，whoknowswhatyoumighthavebeeninspiredtodoforsomeoneelselater.Likeallgreatevents，kindnessbeginsslowly，witheverysingleact.Letitbeyours!Whichofthefollowingstatementsisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedsentenceabove?A.Kindnessandviolencecanchangetheworld.B.Kindnessandviolencecanaffectone'sbehavior.C.Kindnessandviolencecanreproducethemselves.D.Kindnessandviolencecanshapeone'scharacter.答案C[本题要猜测的是句意。解此类题时，除根据上下文的意义外，还要抓句子的关键词汇或短语。画线部分中buildon为关键短语，与C项中关键词reproduce为对应关系，故选C项。]