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•定语从句•一、关系代词的用法•1．that和which的用法•(1)限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词that的情况：•①当先行词是不定代词all，much，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none，theone时。•Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.•②当先行词前面被theonly，thevery，any，few，little，no，all等词修饰时。•Thisistheonlythingthathasbeentried.•③当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。•Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.•④当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。•ThistrainisthelastthatwillgotoSuzhou.•⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。•Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?•⑥当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。•Whichisthebikethatyoulost?•⑦有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个宜用that。•Theysecretlybuiltupasmallfactory，whichproducedthingsthatcouldcausepollution.•⑧当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时。•Shanghaiisnolongerthecitythatitusedtobe.•(2)定语从句中必须用which的情况：•①在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。•Helenwasmuchkindertoheryoungestsonthantotheothers，which，ofcourse，madetheothersenvyhim.•②当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用which，不用that。•ThisisahouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.•注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。•Thisisthepen(which/that)I'mlookingfor.•不可以说：ThisisthepenforwhichI'mlooking.•2．who，whom和whose的用法•当先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，用who，不可省略；在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/that，可以省略；在定语从句中作定语时，用whose，不可省略。•Sheisthegirlwholivesnextdoor.•That'sthegirl(whom/that)Iteach.•3．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句•“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用which(指物)或whom(指人)，即：介词＋which/whom。•(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用which或whom，且不能省略。•Theymaystartasagroupofhighschoolstudents，forwhompractisingtheirmusicinsomeone'shouseisthefirststeptofame.•(2)在限制性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用that/which(指物)，that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。•Thisisthehero(that/who/whom)weareproudof.•(3)“复合介词短语＋关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。•Helivedinabighouse，infrontofwhichstoodabigtallappletree.•(4)介词＋which/whom＋不定式结构。•Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichtolive.•＝Thepoormanhasnohousetolivein.•＝Thepoormanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive.•4．as和which的区别•(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。•Asisknowntoall，fishcan'tlivewithoutwater.•Smokingisharmfultoourhealth，asweknow.•Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood，whichwasmorethanwecouldexpect.•(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。•Asisknowntoeverybody，themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.•＝Themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth，as/whichisknowntoeverybody.•＝Itisknowntoeverybodythatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.•＝Whatisknowntoeverybodyisthatthemoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.(后两句属名词性从句范畴)•另外，as多用于下列习惯用语中：•asanybodycansee正如人人都能看到的那样•aswehadexpected正如我们所预料的那样•asoftenhappens正如经常发生的那样•ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述•asismentionedabove正如上面提到的•(3)当定语从句放在主句后面时，也并不是as就永远等于which。•①当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时，只能用which。•Hecamehereverylate，whichwasunexpected(notexpected)．•Mr.SmithusuallypraiseshisstudentRoseinpublic，whichshedoesn'tlikeatall.•②当as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：beknown，besaid等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。•③as常用在asoftenhappens，aswassaidearlier，asIunderstand，asappears等结构中。•Jackhaswonthefirstprize，asoftenhappens.•④as仍然保持作连词时常有的某种含义。•Davidistall，asaremybrothers.•⑤当非限制性定语从句的谓语后跟一个复合结构时，只能用which引导定语从句。•Bettyalwaystellsalie，whichherparentsfeelstrange.•二、关系副词的用法•1．当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。•IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.(when＝onwhich)•Canyoutellmetheofficewhereheworks？(where＝inwhich)•2．介词＋关系代词(which)＝where/when。有时为表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from，to等。•Chinaisthebirthplaceofkites，fromwherekitesspreadtoJapanandKorea.•3．高考对关系副词where的考查。•高考试题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。当先行词表示某人/物的situation，或某事所发展的stage，或表达某事的某个方面时都可用where这个关系副词。•Theaccidenthasreachedtoapointwhereboththeirparentsaretobecalledin.•三、定语从句用法其他要点•1．关系代词在定语从句中作主语，不可省略。•2．定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数与先行词保持一致。•当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数的方面，应该与先行词保持一致。•(1)oneof＋复数名词＋关系代词＋复数动词。•TheGreatWallisoneoftheworldfamousbuildingsthatdrawlotsofvisitors.•(2)theonlyoneof＋复数名词＋关系代词＋单数动词。•TheGreatWallistheonlyoneofthebuildingsontheearththatisseenfromthemoon.•注意：nottheonlyoneof...＝oneof...•(3)当关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰主句内容时，若as与which作主语，则从句的谓语动词用单数形式。•GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina，asisknowntoall.•HehaspassedtheCollegeEntranceExaminations，whichmakeshisparentsquitehappy.•(4)其他情况：•I，whoamyourteacher，willtrymybesttohelpyou.•选择合适的关系词填空•1．—Theauthorsofcomputervirusesaregeniuses.•—Iagree.Theyshouldapplytheirwisdomtoothernettechnologyfrom________(which/that)humanbeingscanbenefit.•2．DuringWorldWarⅡ，hetookmanyphotos，________________(ofwhich/bywhich)somecapturedtheemotionsofboththesoldiersandtheciviliansinthewartornEurope.•3．Weshouldn'tspendourmoneytestingsomanypeople，mostof________(which/whom)arehealthy.•4．Thatisthesmallhouselessthan20squaremeters，under_______(which/whose)rooflivesalargefamilyofthreegenerations.•5．Tomtookthepolicetothespot________(which/where)theaccidenthappened.•6．Thelazyboyisexpectingaway________(that/which)hecangetthroughtheexamswithouthardwork.•7．Since1995，________(when/which)peoplecalltheYearoftheInternet，theworldhasturnedflatthankstothenetwork.•8．Thisisthesamewatch________(that/which)Ilost.•【答案】1.which2.ofwhich3.whom•4．whose5.where6.that7.which8.that