1.构词法的三种构成形式。2.派生、转化及合成词的灵活使用。英语构词法主要有三种:合成、转化和派生。一、合成合成是指将两个意思不同的单词结合成一个新词。合成形式主要有以下几种:1.合成名词名词+名词:postman,girlfriend,flowerbed,notebook形容词+名词:blackboard,supermarket,greenhouse名词+动词:daybreak,sunrise,breastfeed动词-ing形式+名词:readingroom,washingmachine名词+动词-ing形式:handwriting,papermaking动词+名词:pickpocket,workroom动词+副词:breakup其它形式:get-together,go-between,passer-by2.合成形容词形容词/数词+名词+ed:warm-hearted,five-storeyed名词+过去分词:home-made,hand-made名词+形容词:world-famous,ice-cool形容词/数词+名词:full-time,second-hand形容词+过去分词:newborn副词+分词:well-known,newly-built其它形式:face-to-face,evergreen3.合成代词代词宾格/物主代词+self/selves:herself,ourselves某些不定代词some,any,every,no等+body/one/thing:anyone,nothing4.合成介词介词+介词:throughout,within5.合成副词副词+名词:indoors,overhead,upstairs介词+名词:alongside,beforehand名词+形容词:sky-high副词+介词:nearby其它形式:meanwhile,headfirst6.合成动词副词+动词:overhear,overwork,underline名词+动词:moonwalk,sunbathe形容词+动词:whitewash,safeguard二、转化转化是指一个单词的词形不经过任何变化而由一种词性转化为另一种词性。1.名词转化为动词有些词在转化过程中词义变化不大,如try,swim,shout,cry,kiss,wash,guess等。有些动词转化为名词时意义有一定的变化,如feed(v.喂养→n.饲料),draw(v.画画,抽,拉→n.平局)等。2.形容词转化为动词、名词或副词①有些形容词可以转化为动词。如:quiet(adj.安静的→v.使安静)。②有些形容词可以转化为名词。如:quiet(adj.安静的,寂静的→n.安静,寂静);calm(adj.镇静的→n.泰然自若)。③有些形容词可以转化为副词。如:dear,high,low,cheap,full,near,close,long等。3.介词转化为名词:theupsanddownsoflife4.连词转化为名词:noifs,ands,orbuts5.一些其它情况的转化。如:Theyforwardedhismailtohisnewaddress.(adv.→v.)Thepeoplearewalkingnorth.(n.→adv.)三、派生派生是指通过给一个单词加前缀或后缀构成另一个词。前缀一般改变词义而不改变词性,后缀一般改变词性而不改变词义。常见前缀:名词前加a-变为形容词或副词。如:asleep等。名词或形容词前加be-变为动词。如:behead等。名词或形容词前加en-变为动词。如:endanger,encourage,enrich,enlarge,enable等。形容词前加il-,ab-,un-,ir-,dis-,in-等变为反义词。如:illegal,illogical,abnormal,unable,unsafe,irregular,dishonest,disappointed,incorrect等。常见后缀:1.形容词后缀名词后加-ful变为形容词,表示“充满……的,具有……性质的”。如:hopeful,thankful等。名词后加-less变为形容词,表示“没有……的”。如:hopeless,useless等。名词后加-ic,-ical变为形容词,表示“与……有关的,动作/行为……的”。如:technical,scientific等。名词后加-ous变为形容词,表示“有……性质的”。如:poisonous,mountainous等。动词后加-able变为形容词,表示“可……的,能……的,具有……性质的”。如:comfortable,relaxable等。动词后加-ed变为形容词,表示“……的”。如:excited,amazed,satisfied等。2.名词后辍动词后加-ance变为名词,表示状态或行为。如:performance,guidance等。动词后去不发音的-e加-tion或直接加-tion变为名词,表示状态或过程。如:decoration,translation,election等。动词后加-er或-or变为名词,表示人。如:survivor,worker,instructor等。动词后加-ee变为名词,表示动作的承受者。如:employee,trainee等。动词/名词后加-ess变为名词,表女性或雌性。如:hostess,actress,princess等。动词后加-ment变为名词,表示“……的行为”。如:arrangement,movement等。名词后加-ship变为名词,表示状态、性质、品质、地位、资格等。如:relationship,friendship等。形容词后加-ness变为名词,表示“……的性质、状态或特点”。如:happiness,sickness,fairness等。3.动词后辍形容词后加-en变为动词,表示“使成为,变得”。如:strengthen,threaten等。形容词后加-fy变为动词,表示“使……化,使成为”。如:beautify,simplify等。形容词后加-ize变为动词,表示“……化”。如:specialize,modernize等。4.副词后缀形容词或名词后加-ly变为副词。如:carefully,monthly,quickly,clearly等。表示地点或方位的词后加-ward(s)变为副词。如:southward(s),backward(s),outward(s)等。四、常见考点高考对构词法的考查主要考查派生法及转化法中一些词性的变化及其意义,及一些合成词。I.阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(不多于3个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。1.Whilethereare68.________(amaze)storiesofinstanttransformation,formostofusthechangesaregradualandrequirealotofeffortandwork,likecleaningupapollutedriver.Justbe70.________(patience).patientamazing2.Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop,andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand43.______________(disappoint).disappointed3.Jonny:Bendyourkneesslightlyandreachoutyourarmsliketreebranches,naturallyand62.______(soft).Trytokeepyourbodystraight.Moveslowly,thenbesuretokeepyourbalanceanddon’tletyourbodyshake.Peter:Icannotcontrolmybodywell.Mylegsbecome63.________(pain).painfulsoftlyII.根据下列各句句意和空白之后的汉语提示词,写出对应单词的正确、完整形式,每空只写一词。1.I’mhappythatmy80-year-oldgrandmahaslearnedhowto________(下载)fromtheInternet.2.Theyfailedtoreachasettlement,becausethey_________(不同意)toomuchwitheachother.disagreeddownload用括号内单词的正确形式填空。1.A:Doyouthinkitnecessarytohavesomeculturalcommunicationsbetweenchildrenindifferentcountries?B:Icouldn’tagreemore.Itis___________(mean).Notonlycanitbroadenourmulticulturalknowledgeand_______(rich)ourlives,itcanalsoenableustodevelopunlimitedloveand__________(friend)withothersfromvarioussocialbackgrounds.A:Exactly.meaningfulenrichfriendship2.A:Ihearthatyouhaveagoodtasteinwines.Pleasetastethiswinefrommyhometown.B:Thankyou.Oh,bytheway,wouldyouliketogivemeahand?Theflowersneedwater,soIhaveto_______(water)them.A:Withpleasure.water