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unit8Part1ReadingcomprehensionDirections:Readthefollowingpassagescarefully.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedsentences.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestanswertoeachquestion.Questions1to5arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Mannersevolveddifferentlyindifferentcultures.Inearliertimestherewasatendencyformannerstobecomeincreasinglyformal,andthiswasoftenviewedasprogress.Inthe18thand19thcenturieshavinggoodmannerswasseenasanimportantpartofone'seducationandsocialclass,anditwasnecessarytobetakenasaladyoragentlemantogetaheadintheworld.Inthe20thand21stcenturies,mannershavegraduallybecomemorerelaxedandinformal.Thehostingofdinnersandothersocialgatheringsarenolongertheexclusiveprivilegeofthewealthyelite(精英),andprivateclubsarebeinggraduallyreplacedbymoreopenmeetingplaces.Sothemannersofthesalon(沙龙)aregraduallycombiningwiththemannersofthepub.Clothingisagoodindicationofthechangesinmanners,ascanbeseeninthefollowingexamples.Itissurprisingthatthewearingofhatsindoorsbymalesisonceagainbecomingacceptable.StudentsinNorthAmericaoftenwearbaseballcapstoclass.Inmanycountriesthewearingofhatsindoorsbymaleswasonceacceptableeveninverypolitesociety,butovertheyearsthisbecameconsideredasalower-classbehaviorandwasthusdiscouragedinboththemiddleandupperclasses.Theyoungpeoplewhowearhatsindoorsdonotrealizetheyareactuallyrestartingaveryoldculturaltradition.Acomparabledevelopmentforfemalesisthewearingofjeans.Manyfemalesnowwearjeansonadailybasis,eitherathomeoratwork.Someseethisasasymbolicdeclarationthattheyarenowmodernwomen,notgirlsorladies.Somegirls,likeboys,wearbaseballcapsbothindoorsandoutdoors.Sneakersandshortsarenowacceptableforeithermalesorfemalesinavarietyofnon-athleticsituations.SomecompanieshaverulesrequiringinformaldresssuchasjeansorsneakersonFridays(calleddress-downFridayorcasualFriday),andotherspermititalmostallthetime.Inthesecompanies,andmanyothers,itisacceptabletocallthebossesbytheirfirstnames.1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A.Changesofmannersovertime.B.Formalmannersintheearliertimes.C.Differentmannersindifferentcultures.D.Developmentofmannersindifferentclasses.2.Inthe20thand21stcenturies,_________.A.mannersarenotasformalasinthepastB.mannersinapubaregettingmoreandmoreformalC.properclothingisagoodindicationofgoodmannersD.richpeoplenolongerbehaveformallyinsocialgatherings3.Accordingtothepassage,themannersofthesaloninparagraph2mostlikelyrefersto__________.A.Formalmannersofdrinking.B.Informalmannersofdrinking.C.Formalmannersatsocialgatherings.D.Informalmannersatsocialgatherings.4.Accordingtothepassage,nowadayswearingahatindoorscanactuallybeviewedas_________.A.arevolutionB.socialprogressC.aworseningsituationD.areturntotheoldtradition5.Accordingtotheauthor,todaywearinghatsindoors,andwearingjeansatworkmainlyindicatethat_________.A.womenarenolongerinferiortomenB.peoplenolongerpayattentiontodressingdetailsC.peoplearegettingmorerelaxedintermsofmannersD.somecompanieshavelowerrequirementsfortheiremployeesQuestions6to10arebasedonthesamepassageordialog.Betweenthe1950sandtheearly1980s,theevolvingroleofJapanesewomenhadbeenmostobviousintheirattitudestowardmarriageandthefamilysystem.Therehadbeenatrendawayfromarrangedmarriages.Manyyoungwomenadmittedthattheytookpaidemploymentmostlyinordertofindahusbandontheirown.Inspiteofthisandotherinfluencesa1982figureshowedthatalmost40percentofmarriageswerestillarranged.Thisfigurewas,however,halfthesizeofa1955surveywhichshowedthatalmost81percentofmarriageswerearranged.Oncemarried,manywomenintheearly1980scontinuedtowork,andincreasinglytheyreturnedtoworkafterchildbirth,somethingwhichwashardtoimagineagenerationbefore.Awoman'sroleinthefamilywasevolvingaswell,becomingmoreandmoredominant.Womenhadsoughtmorepersonalsatisfactionfromtheirlivessince1950s.Inthebeginningofthe1980s,duringtheirlivesbeforemarriagewomenmadeupanalmostfree-wheeling(随心所欲)partofJapanesesociety.Asurveyofnewbridesreportedthatonly12percentexpectedtheirmarriagetobehappy.Atthattime,Japanesestillregardedmarriagenotasthepeakofaromancebutasadutythatwasprimarilysocialandpracticalinsignificance.Asaresult,Japanesewomentookfulladvantageoftheiryearsbeforemarriage.Mostwomenremainedathomewhileworking,livingwiththeirfamilyinasortofextendeddependency.Japanesewomen,however,mustbecarefultomaintainthemselveswithinacceptablesocialstandards,onewomanbeingtold,Ifyouactlikethat,youwillnotbewantedasabride.OncemarriedaJapanesewomenfoundherselfinaroleoppositeoftheperceivedsexrolesinJapan–thefemalewasdominantinthehouse.TherelationshipbetweenthepartnersofaJapanesemarriageclearlyshowedtheevolvingroleofwomen.ItmustberememberedthatashortonehundredyearsagotheattitudetowardwomenwasthatIneverythingshemustobeyherhusband.Bytheearly1980stheroleofwomenhadchanged:AJapanesewomanhadalmostunquestionedpowerwithinthefamilysystemoftoday'sJapan.6.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.ChangesintheroleofJapanesewomen.B.ChangesinthestylesofJapanesemarriages.C.Japanesewomen'sstruggleforindependence.D.Japanesewomen'sincreasedpowerintheirfamilies.7.WhatdidtheauthorsayaboutJap