10-Doing-FTAs-in-conversation会话中的威胁面子行为

Unit10DoingFATsinConversation会话中的威胁面子行为Contents10.1Thenotionofface10.2Face-threateningacts10.3StrategiesofdoingFTAs10.4Factorsbehindthestrategychoice10.1ThenotionoffaceBrownandLevinson(1978/1987)developedGoffman’s(1967)notionoffaceintothewell-knownFaceTheory(FTforshort).10.1ThenotionoffaceAccordingtoBrownandLevinson(1978/1987),faceisoneofthevariousrationalbehaviorsofaModelPersontosatisfyone’sfacewants.AModelPersonhastospecialproperties:rationalityandface.10.1Thenotionoffacerationality:theapplicationofaspecificmodeofreasoningwhichguaranteesinferencesfromendsorgoalstomeansthatwillsatisfythoseends.10.1Thenotionoffaceface:thepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimselforherself,ortheemotionalandsocialsenseofselfthateveryonehasandexpectseveryoneelsetorecognize.10.1ThenotionoffaceFaceconsistsoftworelatedaspects:negativefaceandpositiveface.10.1Thenotionoffacenegativeface消极面子:thebasicclaimtoterritories,personalpreserves,rightstonon-interference,i.e.tothefreedomofactionandfreedomfromimposition10.1Thenotionoffacepositiveface积极面子:thepositiveconsistentself-imageor“personality”(cruciallyincludingthedesirethatthisself-imagebeappreciatedandapprovedof)claimedbyinteractants10.2Face-threateningactstheillocutionaryactsthatruncontrarytoeithertheirownfacewantsorthoseoftheirhearersFourtypes10.2Face-threateningacts1.Actsthreateningthehearer’spositivefaceindicating(potentially)thatthespeakerdoesnotcareaboutthehearer’sfeelings,interests,wants,etc.10.2Face-threateningacts2.Actsthreateningthehearer’snegativeface3.Actsthreateningthespeaker’spositiveface4.Actsthreateningthespeaker’snegativeface10.2Face-threateningactsTwopointstobenoted:1.anoverlapinthisclassificationofFTAs,becausesomeFTSsintrinsicallythreatenbothnegativeandpositiveface;2.Culturesvaryintheratingofillocutionaryactsintermsoffacethreat.10.3StrategiesofdoingFTAsReadFigure1onp.13210.3StrategiesofdoingFTAsStriestoemphasizehissolidaritywithHbyusingoneormoreofthefollowingstrategies(positivepoliteness):1.ClaimcommongroundbetweenSandH.2.ConveythatSandHarecooperators.10.3StrategiesofdoingFTAsThefollowingaresomecommonstrategiesforexpressingnegativepoliteness:1.Bedirect2.Don’tpresumeorauusme3.Don’tcoerceH.4.CommunicateS’sunwillingnesstoimpingeonH.5.RedressotherwantsofH’s10.4FactorsbehindthestrategychoiceH’srelativepoweroverSiscomparabletoorsuperiortoS,therankofimpositioninvolvedisneithertoobignortoosmall,thesocialdistancebetweenSandHisnottooclose.10.4FactorsbehindthestrategychoiceHowever,real-timecommunicationismuchmorecomplexthanthoseconditions.Thus,thechoiceofastrategyfordoingaFTAentailstheconsiderationoftheweightinessoftheFTA(Wx),whichdiagramedasfollows:10.4FactorsbehindthestrategychoiceWx=D(S,H)+P(H,S)+RxD(S,H):thesocialdistancebetweenthespeakerandthehearerP(H,S):thepowerofHoverSRx:theabsoluterankingoftheimpositionxinagiveculture