-1-第一章植物的细胞1.细胞壁的组成有几部分?(Howaboutthecomposingofthecellwall?)答:①胞间层(intercellularlayer)②初生壁(primarywall)③次生壁(secondarywall)2.细胞壁的特化有哪些?(Whatareincludedincellwallcharacteristics?)答:①木质化(lignification)②木栓化(suberization)③角质化(cutinization)④粘液质化(mucilagization)⑤矿质化(mineralization)3.晶体的类型有哪些?(Whichtypeshascrystal?)答:①草酸钙结晶(calciumoxalatecrystal)a.方晶(solitarycrystal)b.针晶(acicularcrystal)c.簇晶(clustercrystal)d.沙晶(crystalsand)e.柱晶(columnarcrystal)②碳酸钙结晶(calciumcarbonatecrystal)区别碳酸钙和草酸钙:碳酸钙结晶遇醋酸时放出二氧化碳。(不属于其中):硫酸钙结晶、橙皮苷、靛蓝附:1.*Cell:Thestructuralandfunctionalunitofatissue.2.细胞的组成(constitute):细胞壁(cellwall)、原生质体(protoplast)、后含物(ergasticsubstance)3.*Protoplast(原生质体):Therearealllifematterinthecell,calledprotoplast.(有生命的物质构成的)Including:(1)cytoplasm(细胞质)(2)nucleus(细胞核)(3)organelle(细胞器)*plastid(质体):①chloroplast(叶绿体)②chromoplast(有色体)③leucoplast(白色体)4.*植物细胞与动物细胞相区别的三大特征:细胞壁、液泡、质体5.*ergasticsubstance(后含物):Theplantcellinthelifeprocess,producesvariousnon-lifematterasaresultofthemetabolismactivity,calledergasticsubstance.(非生命物质总称)*Including:①starch(淀粉)②inulin(菊糖)③protein(aleuronegrain)(蛋白质以糊粉粒贮存)④fatandfatoil(脂肪和油)⑤pigments(色素)⑥crystal(晶体)6.*Pit(纹孔)次生壁在加厚的过程中,并不是均匀地增厚,在很多地方留有一些没有增厚的部分,称为纹孔。Thesecondarywalldoesnotincreasethickevenly,leavesomeandhasnotincreasedthethickpartinalotofplacesduringtheprocessofthickenning,calledthepit.纹孔的类型(1)simplepit(单纹孔)(2)borderedpit(具缘纹孔)(3)halfborderedpit(半缘纹孔)7.*plasmodesmata(胞间连丝)细胞间有许多纤细的原生质丝穿过初生壁上微细孔眼彼此联系着,这种原生质丝称为胞间连丝。Therearealotofverythinprotoplasmsilksthatcrossandcomeintobeingtheverysmallholeontheprimarywallandgetintoucheachotheramongthecells,thiskindofprotoplasmsilkiscalledplasmodesmata.8.starchgrain(淀粉粒):具有脐点(hilum)和层纹(annularstriation)淀粉粒有单粒(simplestarchgrain)、复粒(compound~)、半复粒(halfcompoundstarchgrain)9.*celldivisions(细胞分裂):mitosis(有丝分裂)、amitosis(无丝分裂)、meiosis(减数分裂)第二章植物的组织1.组织的类型及其功能(?)?(Howaboutthetypesandfunctionofthetissue?)(X)-2-答:①分生组织(meristem)Character:intenseabilityofmeristem②基本组织(groundtissue)/薄壁组织(parenchyma)/营养组织(vegetativetissue)Character:possessassimilative,store,absorbing,aeratingfunction.▲分为四类:a.同化组织(assimilationparenchyma)b.贮藏组织(storageparenchyma)c.吸收组织(absorbtionparenchyma)d.通气组织(aerenchyma)③保护组织(protectivetissue)分类:依据来源不同分为表皮(初生保护组织)和周皮(次生保护组织)。Character:protectingfunction.④机械组织(mechanicaltissue)Character:stabilityandsubstainfunction.类型:根据细胞壁增厚的成分、增厚的部位和增厚的程度,可分为厚角组织和厚壁组织。⑤输导组织(conductingtissue)Character:transportwaterandnutritiousmatter.类型:a.导管和管胞:输送水分及溶于水中的无机养料,存在于木质部;(自下而上)b.筛管、伴胞和筛胞:输送光合作用制造的有机营养物质,存在于韧皮部。(自上而下)⑥分泌组织(secretorytissue)Character:secretesomespecialmatter2.气孔的类型?(Whatisthetypesofthestoma?)答:双子叶植物气孔的类型(不直不平环):①平轴式气孔(paracytictype):气孔周围有2个副卫细胞,其长轴与保卫细胞和气孔的长轴平行②直轴式气孔(diacytictype):(同上)····垂直③不定式气孔(anomocytictype):3~6个副卫细胞,大小基本相等④不等式气孔(anisocytictype):3~4个,其中一个明显小⑤环式气孔(actinocytictype):小、多、环单子叶植物气孔的类型:哑铃状(dumb-bell)3.毛茸的类型?(Whatisthetrichome?)答:①腺毛(glandularhair):是由表皮细胞分化而来的,有腺头和腺柄之分;腺头具有分泌功能,能分泌挥发油、黏液、树脂等物质。腺鳞(glandularscale):腺鳞是一种具短柄或无柄的腺毛。glandularhair:varicosebulbiformheadwithsecretivefunction②非腺毛(non-glandularhair):无腺头和腺柄之分;无分泌功能。Novaricosebulbiformheadandsecretivefunction4.厚角组织和厚壁组织的区别?(Whereisthedifferenceofcollenchymaandsclerenchyma?)答:①厚角组织(collenchyma)特点:为活细胞,不均匀增厚,一般在角隅处增厚,也有在切向壁和细胞间隙处增厚的。thickwallattheircorners,thereforetheyarelifecells.②厚壁组织sclerenchyma特点:为死细胞,次生壁全面增厚All-sidedthickenningsecondarywalls,hereforetheyaredeadcells.Including:fiber(纤维)、stonecell(石细胞)5.导管的类型?(Whichtypeshasthevessel?)-3-答:①环纹导管(annularvessel)②螺纹导管(spiralvessel)③梯纹导管(scalariformvessel)④网纹导管(reticulatevessel)⑤孔纹导管(pittedvessel)6.外部和内部分泌组织各有哪些?(Whatistheexteriorandinnersecretorytissue?)答:(1)外部分泌组织(Exteriorsecretorytissue)①腺毛(Glandularhair)②腺鳞(glandularscale)③蜜腺(nectary)(2)内部分泌组织(Interiorsecretorytissue)①分泌细胞(Secretorycell)②分泌腔(Secretorycavity)③分泌道(Secretorycanal)④乳汁管(laticifer)附:1.Tissue(组织):thecellgroupwhichresourceandfunctionissameandmorphologyandstructureissimilar,moreoverclosecontacteachother.2.protectivetissue(保护组织)Including(1)epidermis(表皮):①stoma(气孔)②trichome(毛茸)(2)periderm(周皮):木栓层(phellem)、木栓形成层(phellogen)和栓内层(phelloderm)3..维管束(vascularbundle):主要由韧皮部(phloem)和木质部(xylem)组成。①韧皮部包括筛管(sievetube)、伴胞(companioncell)、筛胞(sievecell)、韧皮薄壁细胞(phloemcomplementarycell)和韧皮纤维(phloemfiber)。②木质部包括导管(vessel)、管胞(tracheid)、木薄壁细胞(xylemcomplementarycell)和木纤维(xylemfiber)。4..维管束的类型:①无限外韧维管束(opencollateralvascularbundle)②有限外韧维管束(closed~)③双韧维管束(bicollateralvascularbundle)④周韧维管束(amphicribral~)⑤周木维管束(amphivasal~)⑥辐射维管束(radial~)第三章植物的器官1.营养器官和繁殖器官分别有哪些?(Whichisvegetativeandreproductiveorgansrespectively?)答:营养器官:(根、茎、叶)vegetativeorgan(root,stem,leaf)繁殖器官:(花、果实、种子)reproductiveorgan(flower,fruit,seed)2.根的生理功能?(Whatisthefunctionoftheroot?)答:根的主要功能是吸收(Absorbfunction)、输导(transportation)、支持(supportion)、贮藏(preservation)、繁殖(breeding)、{合成(synthesize)和分泌(excrete)}等作用。3.根尖的构造?(Howaboutthestructureoftheroottip?)答:①根冠(rootcap)②分生区(Meristematiczone)③伸长区(elongationzone)④成熟区(maturationzone)4.根的初生构造包括几部分?(Howmuchpartsinprimarystructureoftheroot?)答:①表皮(epidermis)②皮层(cortex)③维管柱(vascularcylinder)-4-5.单、双子叶植物茎的区别?(Whatis